The Taiwanese legal research method in cyberspace(By Wanli Yang)

澳洲犯罪所得法簡介讀後摘記

2012-01-29T01:06:00.000-08:00

澳洲犯罪所得法簡介讀後摘記

1901海關法 Custom Act 1901屬行政沒入性質
1987犯罪所得法　Proceeds of Crime Act 1987 (POCA 1987)罪名限於販毒以刑事定罪為前提之沒收。
2002修正犯罪所得法擴大罪名至販毒、洗錢、詐欺、人口販運、恐怖活動等
2010.2通過財產來源不明罪

case1: Carlos Cabal Peniche挪用墨西哥銀行資產至邁阿密，再匯款到澳洲。2001由澳洲總長請求墨西哥擔保不處死刑與一行為不予雙重處罰後，引渡回墨西哥。
case2: Li Jixiang與Li Yunnan任中國大陸公務員挪用基金，匯款香港，再匯澳州。

資料來源:蔡秋明，澳州犯罪所得法簡介，檢協會訊72期，2011.12，p13-14

2012.1.29 Wan-Li Yang整理

WTO法律能力建構讀後摘要

2012-01-28T23:39:00.000-08:00

WTO法律能力建構讀後摘要

參與WTO的爭端解決制度，對資源有限的發展中國家有諸多限制，但仍有些異數，例如巴西與印度。巴西及印度的外交官及政府律師積極參與及發表意見

發展中國家參與WTO最大限制在於WTO法律體系的高度專業以及外語的掌握，尤其是對法學英語寫作和判例研究的能力。

目前(2009)大陸在做為原告(complainant)方面，已經有六個訴訟案件3，主要針對美國、歐洲對中國禽肉、緊固件(fastener)、鋼鐵等產品的貿易限制措施。不得不積極，因為被告案件太多了，受影響的貿易利益及國內就業市場甚鉅。自入世以來，目前大陸在WTO已有17個案件作為被告(respondent)。針對大陸提出訴訟最頻繁的原告是美國，其次為歐盟。

大陸也瞭解到貿易訴訟將來會持續增加，為學習WTO訴訟經驗，所以也相當積極地加入其它案件成為第三方，目前共計有60個案件。

而台灣方面，雖然當原告的次數較少，但是台灣最近和日本、美國共同對歐盟提出訴訟，控告歐盟違反「資訊科技協定」(Information Technology Agreement)。台灣參與第三方案件數目沒有大陸那麼多，但是大陸參與的訴訟，台灣幾乎皆以第三方參與。

美國的貿易代表署(United States Trade Representative)為美國主要負責對外貿易爭端的政府單位，裡面有諸多律師，處理所有貿易訴訟。在WTO訴訟實務方面，美國商務部(Department of Commerce)的律師亦常出席聽證會，因為認定反傾銷和補貼，是由商務部來決定的。美國對於聘用法律專才特殊的制度，是所謂的「旋轉門制度」(revolving door)。聘用程序如民間機構，不須經過一般的公務人員考試。

韓國的「外交通商部」採取類似美國政府的概念。

巴西的外交部亦和律師公會合作，讓年輕律師進入巴西在華府及日內瓦的使館實習，參與相關WTO訴訟。

在大陸方面，處理WTO訴訟的工作主要由商務部條約法律司的「世貿法律處」負責，該處共有五至八位法律官員處理WTO訴訟。條約法律司在日內瓦亦派駐一位法律官員參與DSB會議及出席訴訟聽證會，這些法律人員皆屬於公務人員體系。

在台灣方面，以前是由經濟部國際貿易局處理WTO相關案件，但明顯的制度問題在於承辦人員多非法律背景，且無專職單位處理訴訟。基此，於2007在經濟部下成立「經貿代表談判辦公室」，以全權處理對外貿易談判及訴訟。台灣在日內瓦的駐WTO代表團亦有一位律師在協助處理案件，此律師職位，先後由兩位台籍的美國律師以約聘的方式擔任。不過「經貿代表談判辦公室」為任務編組，意即無政府機關之法源基礎，所需人員由各單位借調，例如由法務部借調兩位檢察官處理WTO訴訟。未來政府努力方向應將此單位法人化，使此單位獲法律授權聘請國內外優秀律師參與訴訟工作。

大陸的北京、上海、深圳皆有智庫分析對外貿易政策及舉辦訓練活動和研討會。這些大陸智庫所需經費主要是由市政府提供，一部分經費則來自商務部的諮詢案。

台灣方面則是由經濟部和外交部投資，成立「中華經濟研究院」，內設有「台灣WTO中心」負責相關研究。學術界研究中心則有台大法學院的「亞洲WTO暨國際衛生法與政策研究中心」，簡稱為「台大WTO中心」，亦定期參與政府諮詢工作。現在兩岸政府在處理WTO的訴訟主要是聘請國外的事務所，政府單位及國內事務所仍然無法單獨處理訴訟案件。

大陸在參與第三方訴訟的案件，皆以招標的方式聘請北京的國內事務所，這是結合民間事務所和政府的一個很好的方式，亦可訓練本國貿易法律師。

在國際組織方面，WTO跟亞太經合會(APEC)提供有限的技術協助。WTO法律諮詢中心(Advisory Centre on WTO Law)則為協助發展中國家處理WTO訴訟所成立的國際組織。其所收取費率與事務所相較低許多，並以國家發展程度不同分四級收費。該中心並接受會員國推薦，招收發展中國家的培訓律師，代訓六個月從實務中學習WTO法律運用。

WTO法律諮詢中心不能完全幫助國家處理訴訟，主要有以下的問題：第一，該中心因不熟悉國內政府的對外貿易政策，無法從貿易政策的方向來思考訴訟策略。第二，其無法蒐集事實證據，因證據蒐集並非其業務範圍，且無通曉中文之律師，難以瞭解國內法規實際運作。第三，因為該中心僅有律師，並無經濟學家，故無法作以經濟模型作經濟分析。而經濟分析在訴訟中有重要影響，例如對起訴決定於產業利益的影響，勝訴後亦需要相關分析決定報復的對手國產業。在WTO訴訟實務中，兩岸分別有專家擔任小組成員。但是兩岸政府更關心的重點是在WTO秘書處中是否有常設職員，因為據其它國家經驗顯示，具有WTO經驗的專才返國後將對該國WTO法律或談判有相當助益。...所有629位職員中，有三百多位職員來自下列四個國家：美、英、法、瑞。所以大陸、印度及諸多國家最近提案欲增加WTO秘書處職員國籍多元性，希望增加更多來自發展中國家的參與。

資料來源:謝笠天，新加坡管理大學法學院助理教授，以實務面探討WTO法律能力建構，本文刊登於2009年兩岸國際法學論壇論文集
http://researcher.nsc.gov.tw/public/pasha/Data/081110451771.pdf

史坦恩與羅爾斯之比較

2011-11-25T19:46:00.000-08:00

史坦恩與羅爾斯之比較

1. 羅爾斯生平讀摘

約翰•羅爾斯（John Rawls,1921-2002）
被譽為美國著名政治哲學家、倫理學家。為20世紀70年代西方「新自然法學派」的主要代表之一，同時也被譽為20世紀最偉大的哲學家之一。
1.1. 家庭背景
全名為約翰．波德利．羅爾斯（John Bordley Rawls），1921年2月21日生於美國東部馬里蘭州的巴爾地摩富裕家庭，在五個孩子中排行老二，卒於2002年11月24日。
1.2. 就學過程與教學經歷
1939年18歲進入普林斯頓大學，1943年(22歲時)畢業後隨即入伍，當時正值第二次世界大戰，其服役之步兵32師曾經在新幾內亞和菲律賓遭逢最慘烈的戰役，還隨著佔領部隊被派遣日本。
大學畢業7年後於1950年以＜倫理學知識基礎研究＞（A Study of the Ground of Ethical Knowledge）一文獲得哲學博士學位，任教於普林斯頓（1950~1952）、康乃爾及麻省理工學院（1953年~1962年），1962年後留在哈佛大學任教至1995年，獲得詹姆斯．布萊恩．康南特的大學榮譽教授（James Bryant Conant University Professor Emeritus），定居於麻州的列克辛頓（Lexington）。
1.3. 成就
曾於牛津大學、史丹佛大學的行為科學高等研究院、密西根大學、普林斯頓的高等研究中心等機構擔任訪問學者，獲頒獎項不勝枚舉，包括1999年自柯林頓總統手中領取之國家人文獎（National Humanities Award），以及瑞典皇家學院（Royal Swedish Academy）所頒發的洛夫．朔克獎（Rolf Schock Prize）哲學類獎項。1970年至1972年任美國政治哲學及法哲學聯合會主席，他也是美國藝術科學院院士，是20世紀最重要的政治哲學家之一。
被譽為美國著名政治哲學家、倫理學家。為20世紀70年代西方「新自然法學派」的主要代表之一，同時也是20世紀最偉大的哲學家之一。
1.4. 著作
文章
羅爾斯著作不多，但在西方學術界影響甚大。其發表之著作如下：

《倫理學知識基礎研究》（A Study of the Ground of Ethical Knowledge）（1951年）（博士論文）
《作為公正的正義》（1958）
《憲法的自由和正義的觀念》（1963)
《正義感》（1963）
《非暴力反抗的辯護》（1966）
《分配的正義》（1967）
《分配的正義：一些補充》（1968）
書籍
《正義論》（1971）
所撰寫《正義論》一書，前後三易其稿，終成20世紀下半葉倫理學、政治哲學領域最重要的理論著作，於1971年正式出版發行，旋即在學術界產生巨大迴響。
《萬民法》（Law of Peoples）（1999）
《論文集》（Collected Papers）（1999）
《道德哲學史講演錄》（Lectures on the History of Moral Philosophy）（2000）
《做為公平的正義：正義新論》（Justice as Fairness: A Restatement）（2001）
1.5. 影響力探討
羅爾斯的哲學捍衛了洛克、盧梭和康德所創的「社會契約」論，因而重新燃起了人們對於系統政治理論的興趣，其核心信念是政治權利與基本公民自由的神聖性。
學術研究專注於「社會正義」問題，並構築一理性的正義理論。

正義論- 繼往開來
所撰寫《正義論》一書，其繼承了柏拉圖在《理想國》中所談及的「何謂正義」的思索，繼之用以探討於現代社會中，做為公平的正義原則。
此書於1971年出版即開啟了平等自由主義（egalitarian liberalism）的哲學理論探討，可謂政治哲學注入新的生命，由於第一版的《正義論》封面為綠色，當時一些哈佛的學子以「綠魔」來形容這本書的影響力。
據後來的統計數位顯示，自1971年，全球共有約5000餘部論著專門對其研究討論，其影響範圍包括：政治學、倫理學、法學、經濟學、心理學、社會學、教育學、宗教、公共管理、公共政策、公共福利、環境管理和犯罪學等領域。

引發政治哲學新浪潮
哲學暨了洛克、盧梭和康德所創的「社會契約」論後，於戰後出現了馬克斯學派，因而將世界分成資本、共產兩大塊。
人們漸漸對於哲學、政治理論失去興趣。羅爾斯於WWII後，有系統、體系地重新審視重要學說，一一探討自由主義、功利主義等之問題，再繼往開來，帶入現代社會核心價值之探討，並且研究現代社會下之公平正義原則。而逐次建構起自己的正義理論。終引發新浪潮。

重新探討分配正義
公民與政治權利是Rowls哲學思想的重心。在他眼裡，個體具有選擇自我目標的自由，而這正是人性的一大特質。其關於正義的論述，讓自由主義傳統中長久被忽視的以權利為基礎之社會契約論重新活躍起來。他拒絕以追求社會集體最大效益為圭臬的功利主義（utilitarianism），因為這對個人權利不夠尊重。
秉持康德的精神（康德是他極為推崇的哲學家），Rowls堅持把人視為目的，而非工具。他同時批評一昧強調個人權利絕對不能受到侵犯的自由放任主義（libertarianism），因為Rowls認為，若要認真看待權利，就必須嚴肅對待社會平等的問題。在他心中，光只消極避免公民與政治權利遭受侵犯並不完善，還必須讓個體能在社會有效地行使這些權利。

理論架構初探
個人+個人之結合＝社會
（人一出生即活在某特定制度中 ; 制度決定人對於生命的期待）

社會正義＝適當分配社會權利與責任之方法
（僅討論「社會結構」，不及於「私人機關」）

方法論：契約論
以「契約論」建構正義觀
預設：理性、自由之人欲提升之利益，在「原初狀態」下願意接受之原則。
此一認定方式，為正義原則，為justice as fairness.

2. 羅爾斯理論之重要專有名詞

理論架構初探
個人+個人之結合＝社會
（人一出生即活在某特定制度中 ; 制度決定人對於生命的期待）
個人：原初狀態
結合（立約方式）：處於「無知之幕」後
社會正義＝適當分配社會權利與責任之方法
（僅討論「社會結構」，不及於「私人機關」）

方法論：契約論
以「契約論」建構正義觀
預設：理性、自由之人欲提升之利益，在「原初狀態」original position下願意接受之原則。
此一認定方式，為正義原則，為justice as fairness.
[均處於無知之幕後立約均遵守正義二原則]

2.1. 「原初狀態」original position
羅爾斯理論之出發點：對人的看法；「原初狀態」original position
羅爾斯在於探討原初狀態的人是怎麼的人？是理性與自由之人。持「性善論」看法。
(羅爾斯理論的最大矛盾點：如果人是理性與自由的，則何必有「正義論」)

「原初狀態」original position
定義：
為一假設狀態，乃用以表示在社會下，自由、公平合作之公民所正確反應之正義原則之狀態。
A hypothetical position designed accurately to reflect what principles of justice would be manifest in a society premised on free and fair cooperation between citizens, including respect for liberty, and an interest in reciprocity .

作用：
此一名詞之作用主要用以區隔傳統「自然狀態」。
羅爾斯契約論之原初狀態，僅對應於傳統「契約論」之「自然狀態a savage state of nature 。
原初狀態之立約者特點：理性rational 且mutually disinterested.

2.2. 「無知之幕」veil of ignorance
無知：非白癡的意思。
羅爾斯在探討「理性與自由的人如何創造一個制度」？前提：必須忘記自己的「身家背景」與「利益」。但是，事實上因為都不會忘記，所以必須「無知」讓自己「歸零」，回到原點，而必須拋掉自己的私利（靈光乍現）。
在上開情形下所創造出來的制度就是好的制度。
（但事實上結論會導出:沒有一套制度是絕對好的制度，僅有相對好的制度）

「原初狀態」original position最重要之特點在於無知之幕。
定義
無知之幕定義：保證立約者在選擇正義原則時，不可能因個人之特殊利益而獲利以確保立約者均處於公平情境。

作用
Rawls認為，實現最公正和公平的治理的唯一途徑是，如果所有立法者都平等的站到談判桌前。試想，如果他們都在“無知之幕”後 –在他們的個人身份資訊暫時不公開（他們的種族，階級，個人興趣）的時候，他們必須就一系列法律達成共識。Rawls認為，只有這樣，治理機構才能商定真正公平公正的原則（Sandel 正義：一場思辨之旅）。

2.3. 正義二原則
探討「社會狀態是什麼」？好的社會，不外乎此二原則。因此提出一個遵循的指標，真理。
定義：
原則一：基本權利與義務之分配必須平等（平等原則）。
原則二：社會和經濟的不平等必須是此結果對於每個人均有利（差異原則Difference principle）。
排序：第一原則優於第二原則。

解釋：
原則一：基本權利與義務之分配必須平等。
社會中的每個人都應該有同等的權利去擁有基本自由權。

原則二：社會和經濟的不平等必須是此結果對於每個人均有利。
第二原則指出社會與經濟上的不平等只有在不違反以下兩個原則的情況下才是可以接受的：
一、公平機會均等：所有職位與工作都必須已經對所有人平等地開放，此所謂「公平機會均等原則」The principle of fair equality of opportunity；二、差異原則：不平等的分配必須是對社會中最不利的人最為有利，才可算合乎公義。

作用
根據羅爾斯之的推論，原初狀態下之立約者會選擇正義二原則，作為社會基本結構的指導原則（林火旺，民87）。

2.4. 道義應得moral desert
羅爾斯：上層社會不能說自己是道義應得（＝道德應得）
史坦恩也談過相同的東西，叫做「道德權益」，神聖性、強制性
羅爾斯之「道義應得」與史坦恩「道義權益」此部分，有無不同？
羅爾斯：
人一出生即活在某特定制度中 ; 制度決定人對於生命的期待。因此「身家」「天賦」所生之不平等都是「不應得的」(undeserved)。
羅爾斯認「天賦」為社會之「共同資產」(common asset)。
基於上開因素所生之不平等，不能以「道德功績」或「道義應得」(moral desert)等觀念來正當化。

3. 史坦恩與羅爾斯之比較

(1)史坦恩與羅爾斯二者的正義有何不同。
史坦恩1815
史坦恩理論形成方式 19th世紀
觀察法國大革命後之社會現象，但沒有follow契約論(why?自創體系)。
身處於資本、共產主義正面左右分立時期。
目的：確定可行的社會理論。
產生宏觀、微觀的國家學。

羅爾斯1921
20th 世紀
在戰後資本主義社會下
探討「社會正義」。
重拾契約論，重新定位原初狀態（取代自然狀態）。
所探討之正義，相對於史坦恩的體系而言，所指乃 社會正義。

史坦恩認為:
社會問題、社會鬥爭均為中性，只能透過更大的暴力（專制）解決。

羅爾斯:
理性之人與理性之人之簽約

(2)差異原因利益原因

史坦恩:承認身家、天賦。最後以積極真愛解決問題。以極大篇幅討論財富規模與種類，進而產生社會階級與社會類型之原因，相對上，羅爾斯在差異產生之原因上的探討，似未如史坦恩般大規模探討利益、差異產生之原因。

羅爾斯:也承認「差異」。
但是必須瞭解身家、天賦是社會共有之資產。
無法期待「上層階級」有積極真愛，僅能以捨棄立場利益下之「無知之幕」立約，方能達到正義。

(3)資源分配解決方法
史坦恩提出: 文明二原則
仰賴「上階級」的財富，透過積極真愛，提供「社會勞動」
文明＝透過「社會勞動」所實現的「社會自由」
文明＝是一種「資源分配的原則」。
文明二原則：財富多樣性+積極作用(積極真愛)

羅爾斯:正義二原則
仰賴「無知之幕」立約方式。

ME個人看法：兩者學說可以互補
史坦恩雖提出文明二原則，欲用以解決「差異」「分配」問題，但則，仰賴『上階級』『財富』『積極真愛』之作用，相較下，顯得虛無飄渺。且從各家理論提出，不論是史坦恩之國家學與社會學，或者是共產、資本主義，均在一個世紀的實驗下，於21世紀已經幾乎可以證明無法期待上層階級會以積極真愛處理資源分配問題。
況且在二十世紀，戰後資本主義運作下，大者恆大，一個世紀的實證下已經足以證明無法仰賴「上階級」、更無法期待「積極真愛」。
因此羅爾斯的正義二原則以及其辯證方式來處理資源分配，更有實踐可能。至少，以現行社會分配問題，來進行解構，的確更加吸引人。

(4)學術核心
史坦恩:建構國家學

羅爾斯:建構「社會正義」
主要探討範圍「分配」僅為史坦恩之國家學下其中一部分而已，分配人民所珍視之事物三大精神功能之參與財富、權力、機會、職位、榮譽。

史坦恩:人非理性、也非自由
無法脫離物質（財富）而存在
人：追求利益（由財富理論導出承認「社會階級」之結果）

(5)對道義應得看法兩極之原因分析
史坦恩
史坦恩探討之範圍，包括到文明之起落，可謂從歷史角度出發，因此對於「（身家）財富」「天賦」承認其差異之存在，且為正當。（社會存在上下階級，仍屬於道德的，符合道德秩序）
其欲處理之問題在於1.避免各項特殊利益之形成（不自由）以致僵化後形成鬥爭2.探討應以何等方式（例如「勞動」「社會團體」之參與）使個人有參與三大精神功能之機會。
觀察之點不同，著重於社會權力分配之處理方式（動態）。
因此「文明二原則」成為分配之遵循方式。

羅爾斯：
人一出生即活在某特定制度中 ; 制度決定人對於生命的期待。因此「身家」「天賦」所生之不平等都是「不應得的」(undeserved)。
羅爾斯認「天賦」為社會之「共同資產」(common asset)。
基於上開因素所生之不平等，不能以「道德功績」或「道義應得」(moral desert)等觀念來正當化。

史坦恩:
道德秩序: 承認天賦與身家。
人一出生即活在社會中。因此「身家(財富)」「天賦」之不平等仍是「道德」的。
「財富的分配」必須同時進行「各種財富種類與規模的分配」，歷史上任何一個共同生活體的財富分配都依循自然有機的發展，不會追求某種平均財富的狀態（暗指共產主義），而是呈現多元分配狀態。
各「財富規模」（巨富、中產、貧窮）所生問題，必須透過「勞動」、「教育訓練」解決。

史坦恩：「人格狀態」，史坦恩認為：人有內在矛盾、精神物質矛盾。不能脫離。
非理性、也非自由。必須透過什麼途徑才能完成？史坦恩乃透過「二元辯證」方式，資源（物質精神資源），不能單靠一些人的善意（相反於羅爾斯）完成。史坦恩認為「好的社會是什麼」？（真愛），文明理論。文明即為變動、不變，其文明永遠都在「兩極狀態」。最好的狀態就是文明的狀態，而非正義狀態，沒有一個最好的狀態。尊重下層的存在，尊重上層的道德正當性。

2011.11.26
By 楊婉莉
By Wan-Li Yang
KH Sunnyday Cafe'

刑事補償法與國家賠償法之差異

2011-10-23T19:28:00.000-07:00

刑事補償法與國家賠償法之差異
1.刑事補償vs國家賠償
一為刑事有關之案件(刑事、軍事、少年案件)。
另一，不限類型。

2.補償與賠償經費(預算)來源
一為國庫
一為各級政府
3.協議與否
刑事補償無協議程序
4.公務員故意過失要件
刑事補償法:不限於公務員之故意過失。
國賠:限公務員故意或過失。設施:則採無過失責任。
5.決定書時限
刑事:3個月
國賠:1個月
6.對決定書不服之處理
刑事補償法: 對刑事補償庭提出
國賠法: 對該地管轄法院提出損害賠償之訴
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刑事補償法 (100.07.06) 原名稱：冤獄賠償法

-----------------------------------
修正重點:
一、把「冤獄賠償法」名稱改為「刑事補償法」
二、可請求補償之種類擴大
舊法只有人民受羈押、收容、刑罰、感化教育及強制工作的才可以請求補償，新法增訂鑑定留置及強制工作以外之拘束人身自由的保安處分，例如：刑法規定的監護、禁戒、強制治療，毒品危害防制條例的觀察、勒戒或強制戒治等處分，也可以請求補償。

三、擴大請求補償的程序事由範圍

舊法只有規定人民經檢察官作成不起訴處分，或經法院無罪及不受理判決、不付審理或不付保護處分及撤銷強制工作處分的，才可以請求補償，新法增加檢察官撤回起訴、法院裁定駁回起訴、法院判決免訴、撤銷保安處分或駁回保安處分聲請、拘束人身自由的期間超過有罪判決所定的刑或保安處分期間，及同一案件經重複判決的情形，都可以請求補償。

四、減縮不得請求補償之事由
釋字第670號解釋，不能以故意或重大過失為理由而駁回冤賠的請求，刑事補償法已經將這項要件刪掉，將來法院再也不可以用請求人的行為有故意或重大過失而駁回請求。

五、明定補償金額之決定標準。另為避免補償失當或浮濫，增訂補償請求之受害人具有可歸責事由者，得分別情節不予或酌減補償金額之決定標準。

六、假如是因受害人意圖招致犯罪嫌疑，而為誤導偵查或審判的行為所導致的可不補償
七、明訂補償金額之決定標準
增訂易服社會勞動之補償標準，易服社會勞動執行之補償，依其執行折算的日數，以新臺幣750元以上1500元以下折算一日支付之。
死刑執行的補償，除其羈押依規定補償外，並應按受刑人執行死刑當年度國人平均餘命計算受刑人餘命，以新臺幣5000元折算一日支付撫慰金。但其總額不得低於新臺幣1000萬元。

八、酌減補償金額之決定標準
補償請求的受害人具有可歸責事由時，就其個案情節，依社會一般觀念，認補償金顯然過高時，受理補償事件機關可以在1000元到2999元的範圍內酌定補償金額。

九、保障程序利益
初審決定機關，應該傳喚補償請求人、代理人並給予陳述意見的機會。

十、增訂補償後對公務員求償規定

十一、釐清補償與國家賠償之關係

受害人依刑事補償法所得的補償外，假如請求人還有其他損害，在符合國家賠償法規定的情形下，請求人還可以依國家賠償法的規定，請求國家賠償。

十二、增訂「回溯五年條款」。

資料來源:司法院
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法規名稱 : 刑事補償法 (民國 100 年 07 月 06 日修正)

第 1 條
依刑事訴訟法、軍事審判法或少年事件處理法受理之案件，具有下列情形之一者，受害人得依本法請求國家補償：
一、因行為不罰或犯罪嫌疑不足而經不起訴處分或撤回起訴、受駁回起訴裁定或無罪之判決確定前，曾受羈押、鑑定留置或收容。
二、依再審、非常上訴或重新審理程序裁判無罪、撤銷保安處分或駁回保安處分聲請確定前，曾受羈押、鑑定留置、收容、刑罰或拘束人身自由保安處分之執行。
三、因無付保護處分之原因而經不付審理或不付保護處分之裁定確定前，曾受鑑定留置或收容。
四、因無付保護處分之原因而依重新審理程序裁定不付保護處分確定前，曾受鑑定留置、收容或感化教育之執行。
五、羈押、鑑定留置或收容期間，或刑罰之執行逾有罪確定裁判所定之刑。
六、羈押、鑑定留置或收容期間、刑罰或拘束人身自由保安處分之執行逾依再審或非常上訴程序確定判決所定之刑罰或保安處分期間。
七、非依法律受羈押、鑑定留置、收容、刑罰或拘束人身自由保安處分之執行。

第 2 條
依前條法律受理之案件，有下列情形之一者，受害人亦得依本法請求國家補償：
一、因行為不罰或犯罪嫌疑不足以外之事由而經不起訴處分或撤回起訴前，曾受羈押、鑑定留置或收容，如有證據足認為無該事由即應認行為不罰或犯罪嫌疑不足。
二、免訴或不受理判決確定前曾受羈押、鑑定留置或收容，如有證據足認為如無該判決免訴或不受理之事由即應為無罪判決。
三、依再審或非常上訴程序判決免訴或不受理確定前曾受羈押、鑑定留置、收容、刑罰或拘束人身自由保安處分之執行，如有證據足認為無該判決免訴或不受理之事由即應為無罪判決。
四、因同一案件重行起訴或曾經判決確定而經不起訴處分、免訴或不受理判決確定前，曾受羈押、鑑定留置或收容，且該同一案件業經判決有罪確定。
五、因同一案件重行起訴或曾經判決確定，依再審或非常上訴程序判決免訴或不受理確定前，曾受羈押、鑑定留置、收容、刑罰或拘束人身自由保安處分之執行，且該同一案件業經判決有罪確定。
六、因死亡或刑法第十九條第一項規定之事由而經不付審理或不付保護處分之裁定確定前，曾受鑑定留置或收容，如有證據足認為無該事由即應認無付保護處分之原因。

第 3 條
前二條之人，有下列情形之一者，不得請求補償：
一、因刑法第18條第1項或第19條第1項規定之事由而受不起訴處分或無罪判決時，如有證據足認為無該事由即應起訴或為科刑、免刑判決。
二、因判決併合處罰之一部受無罪之宣告，而其他部分受有罪之宣告時，其羈押、鑑定留置或收容期間未逾有罪確定裁判所定之刑、拘束人身自由保安處分期間。

第 4 條
補償請求之事由係因受害人意圖招致犯罪嫌疑，而為誤導偵查或審判之行為所致者，受理補償事件之機關得不為補償。
前項受害人之行為，應經有證據能力且經合法調查之證據證明之。

第 5 條
少年保護事件之補償請求，係因受害人不能責付而經收容所致者，受理補償事件之機關得不為一部或全部之補償。

第 6 條
羈押、鑑定留置、收容及徒刑、拘役、感化教育或拘束人身自由保安處分執行之補償，依其羈押、鑑定留置、收容或執行之日數，以新臺幣三千元以上五千元以下折算一日支付之。
罰金及易科罰金執行之補償，應依已繳罰金加倍金額附加依法定利率計算
之利息返還之。
易服勞役執行之補償，準用第一項規定支付之。
易服社會勞動執行之補償，依其執行折算之日數，以新臺幣七百五十元以
上一千五百元以下折算一日支付之。
沒收、追徵、追繳或抵償執行之補償，除應銷燬者外，應返還之；其已拍
賣者，應支付與賣得價金加倍之金額，並附加依法定利率計算之利息。
死刑執行之補償，除其羈押依第一項規定補償外，並應按受刑人執行死刑
當年度國人平均餘命計算受刑人餘命，以新臺幣五千元折算一日支付撫慰
金。但其總額不得低於新臺幣一千萬元。
羈押、鑑定留置或收容之日數，應自拘提、同行或逮捕時起算。

第 7 條
補償請求之受害人具有可歸責事由者，就其個案情節，依社會一般通念，認為依第六條之標準支付補償金顯然過高時，得依下列標準決定補償金額：
一、羈押、鑑定留置、收容、徒刑、拘役、感化教育、拘束人身自由保安
處分及易服勞役執行之補償，依其執行日數，以新臺幣一千元以上三
千元未滿之金額折算一日支付之。
二、罰金及易科罰金之補償，依已繳納罰金附加依法定利率計算之利息返
還之。
三、易服社會勞動執行之補償，依其執行折算之日數，以新臺幣二百元以
上五百元未滿之金額折算一日支付之。
四、沒收、追徵、追繳或抵償執行之補償，其已拍賣者，依賣得價金附加
依法定利率計算之利息支付之。
前項受害人可歸責之事由，應經有證據能力且經合法調查之證據證明之。

第 8 條
受理補償事件之機關決定第六條第一項、第三項、第四項、第六項或前條
第一款、第三款之補償金額時，應審酌一切情狀，尤應注意下列事項：
一、公務員行為違法或不當之情節。
二、受害人所受損失及可歸責事由之程度。

第 9 條
刑事補償，由原處分或撤回起訴機關，或為駁回起訴、無罪、免訴、不受理、不付審理、不付保護處分、撤銷保安處分或駁回保安處分之聲請、諭知第一條第五款、第六款裁判之機關管轄。但依第一條第七款規定請求補償者，由為羈押、鑑定留置、收容或執行之機關所在地或受害人之住所地、居所地或最後住所地之地方法院管轄；軍法案件，由地方軍事法院管轄。
前項原處分或裁判之軍事審判機關，經裁撤或改組者，由承受其業務之軍事法院或檢察署為管轄機關。

第 10 條
補償之請求，應以書狀記載下列事項，向管轄機關提出之：
一、補償請求人姓名、性別、年齡、住所或居所。
二、有代理人者，其姓名、性別、年齡、住所或居所。
三、請求補償之標的。
四、事實及理由，並應附具請求補償所憑之不起訴處分書、撤回起訴書，或裁判書之正本或其他相關之證明文件。
五、管轄機關。
六、年、月、日。

第 11 條
受害人死亡者，法定繼承人得請求補償。
前項之請求，除死亡者係受死刑之執行者外，不得違反死亡者本人或順序在前繼承人明示之意思。

第 12 條
繼承人為請求時，應釋明其與死亡者之關係，及有無同一順序繼承人。
繼承人有數人時，其中一人請求補償者，其效力及於全體。但撤回請求，應經全體同意。

第 13 條
補償之請求，應於不起訴處分、撤回起訴或駁回起訴、無罪、免訴、不受理、不付審理、不付保護處分、撤銷保安處分或駁回保安處分之聲請、第一條第五款或第六款之裁判確定日起二年內，向管轄機關為之。但依第一條第七款規定請求者，自停止羈押、鑑定留置、收容或執行之日起算。

第 14 條補償之請求，得委任代理人為之。
委任代理人應提出委任書。
代理人撤回請求，非受特別委任不得為之。

第 15 條
補償之請求，得於決定前撤回。
請求經撤回者，不得再請求。

第 16 條
補償之請求，違背法律上之程式，經定期命其補正，而逾期不補正者，應以決定駁回之。

第 17 條
受理補償事件之機關認為無管轄權者，應諭知移送於管轄機關；認為已逾請求期間或請求無理由者，應以決定駁回之；認為請求有理由者，應為補償之決定。
前項機關，應於收到補償請求後三個月內，製作決定書，送達於最高法院檢察署及補償請求人。
前項之送達，準用刑事訴訟法之規定。
補償之請求，經受理機關決定後，不得以同一事由，更行請求。

第 18 條
補償請求人不服前條第一項機關之決定者，得聲請司法院刑事補償法庭覆審。
補償決定違反第一條至第三條規定，或有其他依法不應補償而補償之情形
者，最高法院檢察署亦得聲請覆審。

第 19 條
司法院刑事補償法庭法官，由司法院院長指派最高法院院長及法官若干人兼任之，並以最高法院院長為審判長。
司法院刑事補償法庭職員，由司法院調用之。

第 20 條
聲請覆審，應於決定書送達後二十日內，以書狀敘述理由，經原決定機關，向司法院刑事補償法庭為之。

第 21 條
不利於補償請求人之決定確定後，有下列情形之一，足以影響原決定之結果者，原補償請求人、或其法定代理人或法定繼承人得向為原確定決定機關聲請重審：
一、適用法規顯有錯誤。
二、原決定理由與主文顯有矛盾。
三、原決定所憑之證物已證明其為偽造或變造。
四、原決定所憑之證言、鑑定或通譯已證明其為虛偽。
五、參與原決定之檢察官、軍事檢察官或法官、軍事審判官因該補償決定
事件犯職務上之罪已經證明者，或因該事件違法失職已受懲戒處分。
六、發現確實之新證據。

第 22 條
聲請重審，應於決定確定之日起三十日之不變期間內為之；其聲請之事由發生或知悉在確定之後者，上開不變期間自知悉時起算。但自決定確定後已逾五年者，不得聲請。

第 23 條
聲請重審，應以書狀敘述理由，附具原確定決定之繕本及證據，向原確定決定機關為之。

第 24 條
受理重審機關認為無重審理由，或逾聲請期限，或聲請程式不合法者，應以決定駁回之；認為聲請有理由者，應撤銷原決定，並更為決定。
聲請重審，經受理機關認為無理由駁回後，不得以同一事由，更行聲請。

第 25 條
重審之聲請，得於受理機關決定前撤回之。重審之聲請經撤回者，不得更以同一事由，聲請重審。
撤回重審之聲請，應提出撤回書狀。

第 26 條
聲請人依本法聲請重審或撤回時，準用第十二條第二項及第十四條規定。

第 27 條
原決定機關應於決定確定後十日內，將主文及決定要旨公告，並登載公報及受害人所在地之報紙。

第 28 條
補償支付之請求，應於補償決定送達後五年內，以書狀並附戶籍謄本向原決定機關為之，逾期不為請求者，其支付請求權消滅。
繼承人為前項請求時，準用第十二條之規定。
受害人就同一原因，已依其他法律受有賠償或補償者，應於依本法支付補
償額內扣除之。

第 29 條
補償請求權及補償支付請求權，均不得扣押、讓與或供擔保。

第 30 條
補償金之支付、罰金或沒收物之返還，應於收受請求支付或返還請求書狀
後十五日內為之。

第 31 條
補償事件繫屬中有本案再行起訴、再審或重新審理之聲請時，於其裁判確
定前，停止補償審理之程序。
前項停止之程序，於本案再行起訴、再審或重新審理之裁判確定時，續行
之。

第 32 條
補償決定確定後，有本案再行起訴、再審或重新審理之聲請時，於其裁判
確定前，停止補償之交付。
前項情形，本案重新審理經裁定保護處分確定時，其決定失其效力；本案
再行起訴或再審經判決有罪確定時，於判決諭知刑罰或保安處分期間之範
圍內，其決定失其效力。

第 33 條
前條第二項之情形，已為補償之支付者，原決定機關就補償決定失其效力
部分，應以決定命其返還。
前項決定，具有執行名義。

第 34 條
補償經費由國庫負擔。
依第一條所列法律執行職務之公務員，因故意或重大過失而違法，致生補
償事件者，補償機關於補償後，應依國家賠償法規定，對該公務員求償。
前項求償權自支付補償金之日起，因二年間不行使而消滅。
行使求償權，應審酌公務員應負責事由輕重之一切情狀，決定一部或全部
求償。被求償者有數人時，應斟酌情形分別定其求償金額。

第 35 條
刑事補償審理規則，由司法院會同行政院定之。
刑事補償事件之初審決定機關，應傳喚補償請求人、代理人，並予陳述意
見之機會。但經合法傳喚無正當理由不到場者，不在此限。
刑事補償程序，不徵收費用。

第 36 條
本法於外國人準用之。但以依國際條約或該外國人之本國法律，中華民國
人民得享同一權利者為限。

第 37 條
受害人有不能依本法受補償之損害者，得依國家賠償法之規定請求賠償。

第 38 條
本法中華民國九十六年六月十四日修正之條文施行前，依軍事審判法受理
之案件，亦適用之。
依前項規定請求補償者，應自本法中華民國九十六年六月十四日修正之條
文施行之日起二年內為之。

第 39 條
本法中華民國九十六年六月十四日修正之條文施行前，有第二十一條得聲
請重審事由者，應自本法中華民國九十六年六月十四日修正之條文施行之
日起二年內為之。
本法中華民國一百年九月一日修正施行前五年，依本法中華民國一百年六
月十三日修正前條文第二條第三款駁回請求賠償之案件，受害人得自中華
民國一百年九月一日起二年內，以原確定決定所適用之法律牴觸憲法為由
，向原確定決定機關聲請重審。

第 40 條
本法中華民國一百年九月一日修正施行前，補償支付請求權消滅時效業已
完成，或其時效期間尚未完成者，得於本法修正施行之日起五年內行使請
求權。但自其時效完成後，至本法修正施行時已逾五年者，不在此限。

第 41 條本法自中華民國一百年九月一日施行。

------------------
法規名稱 : 國家賠償法 (民國 69 年 07 月 02 日公發布)
第 1 條
本法依中華民國憲法第二十四條制定之。

第 2 條（國家賠償責任（一））
本法所稱公務員者，謂依法令從事於公務之人員。
公務員於執行職務行使公權力時，因故意或過失不法侵害人民自由或權利者，國家應負損害賠償責任。公務員怠於執行職務，致人民自由或權利遭受損害者亦同。
前項情形，公務員有故意或重大過失時，賠償義務機關對之有求償權。

第 3 條（國家賠償責任（二））
公有公共設施因設置或管理有欠缺，致人民生命、身體或財產受損害者，國家應負損害賠償責任。
前項情形，就損害原因有應負責任之人時，賠償義務機關對之有求償權。

第 4 條（視同公務員）
受委託行使公權力之團體，其執行職務之人於行使公權力時，視同委託機關之公務員。受委託行使公權力之個人，於執行職務行使公權力時亦同。
前項執行職務之人有故意或重大過失時，賠償義務機關對受委託之團體或個人有求償權。

第 5 條（補充法）
國家損害賠償，除依本法規定外，適用民法規定。

第 6 條（特別法）
國家損害賠償，本法及民法以外其他法律有特別規定者，適用其他法律。

第 7 條（賠償方法）
國家負損害賠償責任者，應以金錢為之。但以回復原狀為適當者，得依請求，回復損害發生前原狀。
前項賠償所需經費，應由各級政府編列預算支應之。

第 8 條（時效期間）
賠償請求權，自請求權人知有損害時起，因二年間不行使而消滅；自損害發生時起，逾五年者亦同。
第二條第三項、第三條第二項及第四條第二項之求償權，自支付賠償金或回復原狀之日起，因二年間不行使而消滅。

第 9 條（賠償義務機關）
依第二條第二項請求損害賠償者，以該公務員所屬機關為賠償義務機關。
依第三條第一項請求損害賠償者，以該公共設施之設置或管理機關為賠償義務機關。
前二項賠償義務機關經裁撤或改組者，以承受其業務之機關為賠償義務機關。無承受其業務之機關者，以其上級機關為賠償義務機關。
不能依前三項確定賠償義務機關，或於賠償義務機關有爭議時，得請求其上級機關確定之。其上級機關自被請求之日起逾二十日不為確定者，得逕以該上級機關為賠償義務機關。

第 10 條（書面請求及協議書）
依本法請求損害賠償時，應先以書面向賠償義務機關請求之。
賠償義務機關對於前項請求，應即與請求權人協議。協議成立時，應作成協議書，該項協議書得為執行名義。

第 11 條（訴訟）
賠償義務機關拒絕賠償，或自提出請求之日起逾三十日不開始協議，或自開始協議之日起逾六十日協議不成立時，請求權人得提起損害賠償之訴。
但已依行政訴訟法規定，附帶請求損害賠償者，就同一原因事實，不得更行起訴。
依本法請求損害賠償時，法院得依聲請為假處分，命賠償義務機關暫先支付醫療費或喪葬費。

第 12 條（訴訟之補充法）
損害賠償之訴，除依本法規定外，適用民事訴訟法之規定。

第 13 條（有審判職務公務員侵害人民權利）
有審判或追訴職務之公務員，因執行職務侵害人民自由或權利，就其參與審判或追訴案件犯職務上之罪，經判決有罪確定者，適用本法規定。

第 14 條（公法人之準用）
本法於其他公法人準用之。

第 15 條（外國人之適用）
本法於外國人為被害人時，以依條約或其本國法令或慣例，中華民國人得在該國與該國人享受同等權利者為限，適用之。

第 16 條（施行細則）
本法施行細則，由行政院定之。

第 17 條（施行日）
本法自中華民國七十年七月一日施行。

--------------------
2011.10.24
楊婉莉

研究方法

2011-10-16T02:15:00.000-07:00

研究方法
第一堂課
專有名詞
母體population(用參數)
樣本sample(用統計量)
參數parameter
統計量statistic
觀測值Observations
平均數(mean)
中位數(median)
描述資料分散(spread)程度的統計數字：
1.四分位(quartiles)
2.四分位間距(Interquartile range)

標準差(standard deviation)
眾數Mode
============
變異數(Variance)
標準差(Standard Deviation)
變異係數(Coefficient of Variation
============
離差(deviation)
離差值與自由度

http://www1.nttu.edu.tw/yenlee/new_page_10.htm

統計中英對照:
http://home.educities.edu.tw/rebecca0924/key/key.htm

第三堂100.10.14
(第四章)
http://idv.sinica.edu.tw/ckuan/ppt/ch10.ppt

OLS
[PPT] 簡單迴歸模型的基本假設
http://homepage.ntu.edu.tw/~khsu/stat/regression2.ppt

TSS = Total Sum of Square
RSS = Residual of Sum square
ESS = Explained Sum of square

R2 是指 ESS 佔 TSS 的多少

R2 =ESS/TSS

http://www.sy-econ.org/other/statis/statis-reg-linear-r2.html

(第五章)
單邊與雙邊檢定 (one sided and two sided test)
http://www2.kuas.edu.tw/prof/tsungo/www/Publish/Statistical%20Inference.pdf

Ho : null
Ha

confidence interval信賴區間
通常科學家有興趣的是母體，但是常常無法收集到母體的資料，因此有了「抽樣」的產生。利用抽樣來的樣本證據，推論母體的真實情況才是我們的目的！事實上呢，樣本不等於母體，因此結果會有「不確定性」。這「不確定性」可以利用機率、抽樣誤差作量化的描述，產生了之後的：信賴區間、顯著性檢定、卡方檢定等…

利用估計信賴區間，協助判斷我們母體的真實情況，通常比較嚴謹的paper會強迫表格內要附上信賴區間
(資料來源:http://r97846001.blog.ntu.edu.tw/2010/03/23/confidence-interval/ )

資料來源:
1.SPSS操作步驟:
http://www.math168.com/sxsy/SPSS_PPT/1.pdf
2.SPSS使用方法:
http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:UhCr7p-TA4IJ:www.lib.whu.edu.cn/peixunfile/SPSS.ppt+SPSS+%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%E6%AD%A5%E9%A9%9F&hl=zh-TW&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESjTaULlj6_zjIN16I9HoqVw7d7Hl-HeBKVdj3LbmwusHYErKJEG0amGn9Qv1WsqQ3H7A2UaDDiEIYpeBwgX-N1uImnnlmuID7kJ_9YgOhowRL1PjY0bhGUqZouP-lLJbHGIEjh5&sig=AHIEtbTZVfCV3D0Uc-TdcMMoSoaYg6kHrA
3.簡單線性迴歸的SPSS操作方法 ***
http://biostatistics.cmu.edu.tw/online/teaching_corner_032.pdf

4.SPSS操作手冊 **
http://www.cyut.edu.tw/~hcchen/downdata/spss-menu.pdf

Youtube
1. regression
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n37vJENbC4M

2.變異數分析
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kheRpOv0T6o

3.二因子混合變異數分析
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kheRpOv0T6o

2011.10.16

法律常見問題集03 How to find a good lawyer to represent you?

2011-10-15T06:50:00.000-07:00

法律常見問題集03

10.如何找律師(辯護人)?
How to find a good lawyer to represent you?

Because it can sometimes be difficult to distinguish a good lawyer from a mediocre one, it is important that you do your research thoroughly.

一:親友介紹
找「有委任過律師」之親友介紹，似乎優於「有認識律師」之親友介紹
Ask close friends or family members for a recommendation.

二:諮詢法律服務
到有免費法律諮詢之地方詢問
與找醫生看診一樣，總是需要找到自己病痛之診別較佳。
　　
三:上司法院網站(高度推薦)
1.根據案件類型，到司法院網站搜尋判決書（參考網址http://210.69.124.223/FJUD/index.htm）
2.先判斷自己的案件屬於民事ˋ刑事類型
3.再輸入自己案件之重要關鍵字

比較同類案件中，那些律師經常出現，勝率較高，即可知該律師是否符合您的掛診科別。

Check: http://jirs.judicial.gov.tw/FJUD/
This website provides almost all cases in Tawian, except sexual abuse cases ect. So, you can check lawyers' professional field and win rate. Very practical and useful website. However, all written judgements online are traditional Chinese version only. This is a bit difficult for expats.

四、查詢當地律師公會
查詢律師公會之目的乃是希望了解律師有無律師執照，有無遭到停職等。

Check with your state's bar association to be sure the lawyer you are considering is licensed to practice in your state and that she has not been disbarred or suspended.

資料來源:
1. How to Find a Good Lawyer to Represent You eHow.com http://www.ehow.com/how_2153348_good-lawyer-represent.html#ixzz1arN9LQLX

2.財團法人法律扶助基金會台東分會執行秘書廖頌熙,如何找到好律師 ,
http://blog.roodo.com/laf/archives/2045869.html

3.如何選擇好律師:
http://www.rclaw.com.tw/SwTextDetail.asp?Gid=3459

楊婉莉
BY WANLI YANG 2011.10.15 KH CITY

Taiwan Journal

2011-10-15T06:01:00.000-07:00

Taiwan Law Review (Journal)
期刊
台大法學論叢
台灣本土法學雜誌
法學講座
臺北大學法學論叢
法學叢刊
法學新論
法學研究
月旦法學雜誌
台灣法學雜誌
中研院法學期刊
國家菁英季刊
教育研究與發展期刊
研考雙月刊
台灣教育

月旦法學教室
中興法學
月旦裁判時報
嶺東學報
政大法學評論
中正大學法學集刊
東吳法律學報
法令月刊
律師雜誌
植根雜誌
司法改革雜誌
比較法研究
軍法專刊

政治與社會哲學評論
法務通訊
萬國法律

（以下為簡體期刊）
河南大学学报
北大法律網
比較法研究
北大國際法與比較法評論

英文期刊
JIEL
Netherlands International Law Review
Journal of International Economic Law
AJIL
JWT
BYIL
Temp Int’l & Comp LJ
L L. REV
INST FOR LAW & ECON RESEARCH PAPER
INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR CONFLICT PREVENTION & RESOLUTION
AMERICAN UNIVERSITY INTERNATIONAL LAW REVIEW
NORTH CAROLINA LAW REVIEW
FORDHAM LAW REVIEW
VANDERBILT JOURNAL OF TRANSNATIONAL LAW

MELBOURNE JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW
CONTEMPORARY ASIA ARBITRATION JOURNAL
UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI INTER-AMERICAN LAW REVIEW
EJIL
HARVARD INTERNATIONAL LAW JOURNAL

SOAS SCHOOL OF LAW RESEARCH PAPER
DUKE L.J.
ESSAYS IN TRANSNATIONAL ECONOMIC LAW

投SCI/SCIE期刊
TSSCI / EI / IEEE / SCI / SSCI / CSSCI

SCI 是 Science citation index的縮寫，SSCI 是 Social socience citation index，兩者就是期刊索引，能收進這兩個索引的期刊代表有一定的學術影響力。
要怎麼查一篇期刊是否為SCI或SSCI journal呢？有幾種方式：

一：到官方網站查詢
SCI: http://science.thomsonreuters.com/cgi-bin/jrnlst/jloptions.cgi?PC=D
SSCI: http://www.thomsonscientific.com/cgi-bin/jrnlst/jloptions.cgi?PC=J

拿SSCI作例子好了，我想知道Foreign language annals 這本期刊是不是SSCI期刊，我就試著進搜尋畫面，打上foreign (大小寫均可)。
只打一個TITLE較好搜尋

二：http://publik.tuwien.ac.at/info/sci_search.php?lang=2 這是支援模糊查詢。
三：利用Journal Citation Report (JCR) 資料庫 (需訂閱)
http://admin-apps.isiknowledge.com/JCR/JCR

重要統計數字

2011-10-07T23:44:00.000-07:00

重要統計數字

APEC已有21個成員，APEC占全球GDP的比例高達55%，全球貿易則占40%，而APEC之間的貿易達67%，僅比歐盟之間的貿易少1%。
APEC之間的貿易比例相當高，多半來自於私人部門所驅動，APEC的多項倡議以及APEC會員經濟體之間已達成37個區域貿易協定亦為重要因素。
資料來源:APEC通訊第125期,99年2月,
http://www.ctasc.org.tw/02publication/APEC-125__-p01.pdf

CGU 巴西反貪機構

2011-07-23T23:34:00.000-07:00

The CGU
巴西的反貪與國際合作機構

The Office of the Comptroller General (CGU) is the agency of the Federal Government in charge of assisting the President of the Republic in matters which, within the Executive Branch, are related to defending public assets and enhancing management transparency through internal control activities, public audits, corrective and disciplinary measures, corruption prevention and combat, and coordinating ombudsman's activities.

As a central agency, CGU is also in charge of technically supervising all the departments making up the Internal Control System, the Disciplinary System, and the ombudsman's units of the Federal Executive Branch, providing normative guidance as required.

the site of CGU is:

http://www.cgu.gov.br/english/default.asp

Online reference tools

2011-05-17T03:33:00.000-07:00

Dictionaries and thesauruses

longman http://www.ldoceonline.com/
cambrige http://dictionary.cambridge.org/
Merriam Webster http://www.merriam-webster.com/

知識大講堂 http://knowledge.colife.org.tw/
會議室: http://meeting.colife.org.tw/member.aspx

張玉玲老師課程 http://140.127.60.124/engstu/chang-1/ie-01/ie-01.htm

預算法 Buget Act

2011-05-13T20:31:00.000-07:00

名　　稱預算法 Budget Act
English:
http://law.moj.gov.tw/Eng/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?PCode=T0020001

修正日期民國 100 年 01 月 26 日
第一章總則
第 1 條中華民國中央政府預算之籌劃、編造、審議、成立及執行，依本法之規定
。
預算以提供政府於一定期間完成作業所需經費為目的。
預算之編製及執行應以財務管理為基礎，並遵守總體經濟均衡之原則。

第 2 條各主管機關依其施政計畫初步估計之收支，稱概算；預算之未經立法程序
者，稱預算案；其經立法程序而公布者，稱法定預算；在法定預算範圍內
，由各機關依法分配實施之計畫，稱分配預算。

第 3 條稱各機關者，謂中央政府各級機關；稱機關單位者，謂本機關及所屬機關
，無所屬機關者，本機關自為一機關單位。
前項本機關為該機關單位之主管機關。
各級機關單位之分級，由中央主計機關定之。

第 4 條稱基金者，謂已定用途而已收入或尚未收入之現金或其他財產。基金分左
列二類︰
一、普通基金︰歲入之供一般用途者，為普通基金。
二、特種基金︰歲入之供特殊用途者，為特種基金，其種類如左︰
(一) 供營業循環運用者，為營業基金。
(二) 依法定或約定之條件，籌措財源供償還債本之用者，為債務基金。
(三) 為國內外機關、團體或私人之利益，依所定條件管理或處分者，為
信託基金。
(四) 凡經付出仍可收回，而非用於營業者，為作業基金。
(五) 有特定收入來源而供特殊用途者，為特別收入基金。
(六) 處理政府機關重大公共工程建設計畫者，為資本計畫基金。
特種基金之管理，得另以法律定之。

第 5 條稱經費者，謂依法定用途與條件得支用之金額。經費按其得支用期間分左
列三種︰
一、歲定經費，以一會計年度為限。
二、繼續經費，依設定之條件或期限，分期繼續支用。
三、法定經費，依設定之條件，於法律存續期間按年支用。
法定經費之設定、變更或廢止，以法律為之。

第 6 條稱歲入者，謂一個會計年度之一切收入。但不包括債務之舉借及以前年度
歲計賸餘之移用。
稱歲出者，謂一個會計年度之一切支出。但不包括債務之償還。
歲入、歲出之差短，以公債、賒借或以前年度歲計賸餘撥補之。

第 7 條稱未來承諾之授權者，謂立法機關授權行政機關，於預算當期會計年度，
得為國庫負擔債務之法律行為，而承諾於未來會計年度支付經費。

第 8 條政府機關於未來四個會計年度所需支用之經費，立法機關得為未來承諾之
授權。
前項承諾之授權，應以一定之金額於預算內表達。

第 9 條因擔保、保證或契約可能造成未來會計年度內之支出者，應於預算書中列
表說明；其對國庫有重大影響者，並應向立法院報告。

第 10 條歲入、歲出預算，按其收支性質分為經常門、資本門。
歲入，除減少資產及收回投資為資本收入應屬資本門外，均為經常收入，
應列經常門。
歲出，除增置或擴充、改良資產及增加投資為資本支出，應屬資本門外，
均為經常支出，應列經常門。

第 11 條政府預算，每一會計年度辦理一次。

第 12 條政府會計年度於每年一月一日開始，至同年十二月三十一日終了，以當年
之中華民國紀元年次為其年度名稱。

第 13 條政府歲入與歲出、債務之舉借與以前年度歲計賸餘之移用及債務之償還，
均應編入其預算。並得編列會計年度內可能支付之現金及所需未來承諾之
授權。

第 14 條政府歲入之年度劃分如左︰
一、歲入科目有明定所屬時期者，歸入該時期所屬之年度。
二、歲入科目未明定所屬時期，而定有繳納期限者，歸入繳納期開始日所
屬之年度。
三、歲入科目未明定所屬時期及繳納期限者，歸入該收取權利發生日所屬
之年度。

第 15 條政府歲出之年度劃分如左︰
一、歲出科目有明定所屬時期者，歸入該時期所屬之年度。
二、歲出科目未明定所屬時期，而定有支付期限者，歸入支付期開始日所
屬之年度。
三、歲出科目未明定所屬時期及支付期限者，歸入該支付義務發生日所屬
之年度。

第 16 條預算分左列各種︰
一、總預算。
二、單位預算。
三、單位預算之分預算。
四、附屬單位預算。
五、附屬單位預算之分預算。

第 17 條政府每一會計年度，各就其歲入與歲出、債務之舉借與以前年度歲計賸餘
之移用及債務之償還全部所編之預算，為總預算。
前項總預算歲入、歲出應以各單位預算之歲入、歲出總額及附屬單位預算
歲入、歲出之應編入部分，彙整編成之。
總預算、單位預算中，除屬於特種基金之預算外，均為普通基金預算。

第 18 條左列預算為單位預算︰
一、在公務機關，有法定預算之機關單位之預算。
二、在特種基金，應於總預算中編列全部歲入、歲出之基金之預算。

第 19 條特種基金，應以歲入、歲出之一部編入總預算者，其預算均為附屬單位預
算。
特種基金之適用附屬單位預算者，除法律另有規定外，依本法之規定。

第 20 條單位預算或附屬單位預算內，依機關別或基金別所編之各預算，為單位預
算之分預算或附屬單位預算之分預算。

第 21 條政府設立之特種基金，除其預算編製程序依本法規定辦理外，其收支保管
辦法，由行政院定之，並送立法院。

第 22 條預算應設預備金，預備金分第一預備金及第二預備金二種︰
一、第一預備金於公務機關單位預算中設定之，其數額不得超過經常支出
總額百分之一。
二、第二預備金於總預算中設定之，其數額視財政情況決定之。
立法院審議刪除或刪減之預算項目及金額，不得動支預備金。但法定經費
或經立法院同意者，不在此限。
各機關動支預備金，其每筆數額超過五千萬元者，應先送立法院備查。但
因緊急災害動支者，不在此限。

第 23 條政府經常收支，應保持平衡，非因預算年度有異常情形，資本收入、公債
與賒借收入及以前年度歲計賸餘不得充經常支出之用。但經常收支如有賸
餘，得移充資本支出之財源。

第 24 條政府徵收賦稅、規費及因實施管制所發生之收入，或其他有強制性之收入
，應先經本法所定預算程序。但法律另有規定者，不在此限。

第 25 條政府不得於預算所定外，動用公款、處分公有財物或為投資之行為。
違背前項規定之支出，應依民法無因管理或侵權行為之規定請求返還。

第 26 條政府大宗動產、不動產之買賣或交換，均須依據本法所定預算程序為之。

第 27 條政府非依法律，不得於其預算外增加債務；其因調節短期國庫收支而發行
國庫券時，依國庫法規定辦理。

第二章預算之籌劃及擬編
第 28 條中央主計機關、中央經濟建設計畫主管機關、審計機關、中央財政主管機
關及其他有關機關應於籌劃擬編概算前，依左列所定範圍，將可供決定下
年度施政方針之參考資料送行政院︰
一、中央主計機關應供給以前年度財政經濟狀況之會計統計分析資料，及
下年度全國總資源供需之趨勢，與增進公務及財務效能之建議。
二、中央經濟建設計畫主管機關應供給以前年度重大經濟建設計畫之檢討
意見與未來展望。
三、審計機關應供給審核以前年度預算執行之有關資料，及財務上增進效
能與減少不經濟支出之建議。
四、中央財政主管機關應供給以前年度收入狀況，財務上增進效能與減少
不經濟支出之建議及下年度財政措施，與最大可能之收入額度。
五、其他有關機關應供給與決定施政方針有關之資料。

第 29 條行政院應試行編製國富統計、綠色國民所得帳及關於稅式支出、移轉性支
付之報告。

第 30 條行政院應於年度開始九個月前，訂定下年度之施政方針。

第 31 條中央主計機關應遵照施政方針，擬訂下年度預算編製辦法，呈報行政院核
定，分行各機關依照辦理。

第 32 條各主管機關遵照施政方針，並依照行政院核定之預算籌編原則及預算編製
辦法，擬定其所主管範圍內之施政計畫及事業計畫與歲入、歲出概算，送
行政院。
前項施政計畫，其新擬或變更部分超過一年度者，應附具全部計畫。

第 33 條前條所定之施政計畫及概算，得視需要，為長期之規劃擬編；其辦法由行
政院定之。

第 34 條重要公共工程建設及重大施政計畫，應先行製作選擇方案及替代方案之成
本效益分析報告，並提供財源籌措及資金運用之說明，始得編列概算及預
算案，並送立法院備查。

第 35 條中央主計機關依法審核各類概算時，應視事實需要，聽取各主管機關關於
所編概算內容之說明。

第 36 條行政院根據中央主計機關之審核報告，核定各主管機關概算時，其歲出部
分得僅核定其額度，分別行知主管機關轉令其所屬機關，各依計畫，並按
照編製辦法，擬編下年度之預算。

第 37 條各機關單位預算，歲入應按來源別科目編製之，歲出應按政事別、計畫或
業務別與用途別科目編製之，各項計畫，除工作量無法計算者外，應分別
選定工作衡量單位，計算公務成本編列。

第 38 條各機關單位補助地方政府之經費，應於總預算案中彙總列表說明。

第 39 條繼續經費預算之編製，應列明全部計畫之內容、經費總額、執行期間及各
年度之分配額，依各年度之分配額，編列各該年度預算。

第 40 條單位預算應編入總預算者，在歲入為來源別科目及其數額，在歲出為計畫
或業務別科目及其數額。但涉及國家機密者，得分別編列之。

第 41 條各機關單位預算及附屬單位預算，應分別依照規定期限送達各該主管機關
。
各國營事業機關所屬各部門或投資經營之其他事業，其資金獨立自行計算
盈虧者，應附送各該部門或事業之分預算。
各部門投資或經營之其他事業及政府捐助之財團法人，每年應由各該主管
機關就以前年度投資或捐助之效益評估，併入決算辦理後，分別編製營運
及資金運用計畫送立法院。
政府捐助基金累計超過百分之五十之財團法人及日本撤退臺灣接收其所遺
留財產而成立之財團法人，每年應由各該主管機關將其年度預算書，送立
法院審議。

第 42 條各主管機關應審核其主管範圍內之歲入、歲出預算及事業預算，加具意見
，連同各所屬機關以及本機關之單位預算，暨附屬單位預算，依規定期限
，彙轉中央主計機關；同時應將整編之歲入預算，分送中央財政主管機關
。

第 43 條各主管機關應將其機關單位之歲出概算，排列優先順序，供立法院審議之
參考。
前項規定，於中央主計機關編列中央政府總預算案時，準用之。

第 44 條中央財政主管機關應就各主管機關所送歲入預算，加具意見，連同其主管
歲入預算，綜合編送中央主計機關。

第 45 條中央主計機關將各類歲出預算及中央財政主管機關綜合擬編之歲入預算，
彙核整理，編成中央政府總預算案，並將各附屬單位預算，包括營業及非
營業者，彙案編成綜計表，加具說明，連同各附屬單位預算，隨同總預算
案，呈行政院提出行政院會議。
前項總預算案歲入、歲出未平衡時，應會同中央財政主管機關提出解決辦
法。

第 46 條中央政府總預算案與附屬單位預算及其綜計表，經行政院會議決定後，交
由中央主計機關彙編，由行政院於會計年度開始四個月前提出立法院審議
，並附送施政計畫。

第 47 條各機關概算、預算之擬編、核轉及核定期限以及應行編送之份數，除本法
已有規定者外，由行政院定之。

第三章預算之審議
第 48 條立法院審議總預算案時，由行政院長、主計長及財政部長列席，分別報告
施政計畫及歲入、歲出預算編製之經過。

第 49 條預算案之審議，應注重歲出規模、預算餘絀、計畫績效、優先順序，其中
歲入以擬變更或擬設定之收入為主，審議時應就來源別決定之；歲出以擬
變更或擬設定之支出為主，審議時應就機關別、政事別及基金別決定之。

第 50 條特種基金預算之審議，在營業基金以業務計畫、營業收支、生產成本、資
金運用、轉投資及重大之建設事業為主；在其他特種基金，以基金運用計
畫為主。

第 51 條總預算案應於會計年度開始一個月前由立法院議決，並於會計年度開始十
五日前由總統公布之；預算中有應守秘密之部分，不予公布。

第 52 條法定預算附加條件或期限者，從其所定。但該條件或期限為法律所不許者
，不在此限。
立法院就預算案所為之附帶決議，應由各該機關單位參照法令辦理。

第 53 條總預算案於立法院院會審議時，得限定議題及人數，進行正反辯論或政黨
辯論。
各委員會審查總預算案時，各機關首長應依邀請列席報告、備詢及提供有
關資料，不得拒絕或拖延。

第 54 條總預算案之審議，如不能依第五十一條期限完成時，各機關預算之執行，
依下列規定為之：
一、收入部分暫依上年度標準及實際發生數，覈實收入。
二、支出部分：
(一) 新興資本支出及新增計畫，須俟本年度預算完成審議程序後始得動
支。但依第八十八條規定辦理或經立法院同意者，不在此限。
(二) 前目以外計畫得依已獲授權之原訂計畫或上年度執行數，覈實動支
。
三、履行其他法定義務收支。
四、因應前三款收支調度需要之債務舉借，覈實辦理。

第四章預算之執行
第 55 條各機關應按其法定預算，並依中央主計機關之規定編造歲入、歲出分配預
算。
前項分配預算，應依實施計畫按月或按期分配，均於預算實施前為之。

第 56 條各機關分配預算，應遞轉中央主計機關核定之。

第 57 條前條核定之分配預算，應即由中央主計機關通知中央財政主管機關及審計
機關，並將核定情形，通知其主管機關及原編造機關。

第 58 條各機關於分配預算執行期間，如因變更原定實施計畫，或調整實施進度及
分配數，而有修改分配預算之必要者，其程序準用前三條之規定。

第 59 條各機關執行歲入分配預算，應按各月或各期實際收納數額考核之；其超收
應一律解庫，不得逕行坐抵或挪移墊用。

第 60 條依法得出售之國有財產及股票，市價高於預算者，應依市價出售。

第 61 條各機關執行歲出分配預算，應按月或分期實施計畫之完成進度與經費支用
之實際狀況逐級考核之，並由中央主計機關將重要事項考核報告送立法院
備查；其下月或下期之經費不得提前支用，遇有賸餘時，除依第六十九條
辦理外，得轉入下月或下期繼續支用。但以同年度為限。

第 62 條總預算內各機關、各政事及計畫或業務科目間之經費，不得互相流用。但
法定由行政院統籌支撥之科目及第一預備金，不在此限。

第 62-1 條基於行政中立、維護新聞自由及人民權益，政府各機關暨公營事業、政府
捐助基金百分之五十以上成立之財團法人及政府轉投資資本百分之五十以
上事業，編列預算辦理政策宣導，應明確標示其為廣告且揭示辦理或贊助
機關、單位名稱，並不得以置入性行銷方式進行。

第 63 條各機關之歲出分配預算，其計畫或業務科目之各用途別科目中有一科目之
經費不足，而他科目有賸餘時，應按中央主計機關之規定流用之。但不得
流用為用人經費。

第 64 條各機關執行歲出分配預算遇經費有不足時，應報請上級主管機關核定，轉
請中央主計機關備案，始得支用第一預備金，並由中央主計機關通知審計
機關及中央財政主管機關。

第 65 條各機關應就預算配合計畫執行情形，按照中央主計機關之規定編製報告，
呈報主管機關核轉中央主計機關、審計機關及中央財政主管機關。

第 66 條中央主計機關對於各機關執行預算之情形，得視事實需要，隨時派員調查
之。

第 67 條各機關重大工程之投資計畫，超過五年未動用預算者，其預算應重行審查
。

第 68 條中央主計機關、審計機關及中央財政主管機關得實地調查預算及其對待給
付之運用狀況，並得要求左列之人提供報告︰
一、預算執行機關。
二、公共工程之承攬人。
三、物品或勞務之提供者。
四、接受國家投資、合作、補助金或委辦費者。
五、管理國家經費或財產者。
六、接受國家分配預算者。
七、由預算經費提供貸款、擔保或保證者。
八、受託辦理調查、試驗、研究者。
九、其他最終領取經費之人或受益者。

第 69 條中央主計機關審核各機關報告，或依第六十六條規定實地調查結果發現該
機關未按季或按期之進度完成預定工作，或原定歲出預算有節減之必要時
，得協商其主管機關呈報行政院核定，將其已定分配數或以後各期分配數
之一部或全部，列為準備，俟有實際需要，專案核准動支或列入賸餘辦理
。

第 70 條各機關有左列情形之一，得經行政院核准動支第二預備金及其歸屬科目金
額之調整，事後由行政院編具動支數額表，送請立法院審議︰
一、原列計畫費用因事實需要奉准修訂致原列經費不敷時。
二、原列計畫費用因增加業務量致增加經費時。
三、因應政事臨時需要必須增加計畫及經費時。

第 71 條預算之執行，遇國家發生特殊事故而有裁減經費之必要時，得經行政院會
議之決議，呈請總統以令裁減之。

第 72 條會計年度結束後，各機關已發生尚未收得之收入，應即轉入下年度列為以
前年度應收款；其經費未經使用者，應即停止使用。但已發生而尚未清償
之債務或契約責任部分，經核准者，得轉入下年度列為以前年度應付款或
保留數準備。

第 73 條會計年度結束後，國庫賸餘應即轉入下年度。

第 74 條第七十二條規定，轉入下年度之應付款及保留數準備，應於會計年度結束
期間後十日內，報由主管機關核轉行政院核定，分別通知中央主計機關、
審計機關及中央財政主管機關。

第 75 條誤付透付之金額及依法墊付金額，或預付估付之賸餘金額，在會計年度結
束後繳還者，均視為結餘，轉帳加入下年度之收入。

第 76 條繼續經費之按年分配額，在一會計年度結束後，未經使用部分，得轉入下
年度支用之。

第 77 條總預算所列各附屬單位預算機關應行繳庫數，經立法程序審定後如有差異
時，由行政院依照立法院最後審定數額，調整預算所列數額並執行之。

第 78 條各附屬單位預算機關應行繳庫數，應依預算所列，由主管機關列入歲入分
配預算依期報解。年度決算時，應按其決算及法定程序分配結果調整之，
分配結果，應行繳庫數超過預算者，一律解庫。

第五章追加預算及特別預算
第 79 條各機關因左列情形之一，得請求提出追加歲出預算︰
一、依法律增加業務或事業致增加經費時。
二、依法律增設新機關時。
三、所辦事業因重大事故經費超過法定預算時。
四、依有關法律應補列追加預算者。

第 80 條前條各款追加歲出預算之經費，應由中央財政主管機關籌劃財源平衡之。

第 81 條法定歲入有特別短收之情勢，不能依第七十一條規定辦理時，應由中央財
政主管機關籌劃抵補，並由行政院提出追加、追減預算調整之。

第 82 條追加預算之編造、審議及執行程序，均準用本法關於總預算之規定。

第 83 條有左列情事之一時，行政院得於年度總預算外，提出特別預算︰
一、國防緊急設施或戰爭。
二、國家經濟重大變故。
三、重大災變。
四、不定期或數年一次之重大政事。

第 84 條特別預算之審議程序，準用本法關於總預算之規定。但合於前條第一款至
第三款者，為因應情勢之緊急需要，得先支付其一部。

第六章附屬單位預算
第 85 條附屬單位預算中，營業基金預算之擬編，依左列規定辦理︰
一、各國營事業主管機關遵照施政方針，並依照行政院核定之事業計畫總
綱及預算編製辦法，擬訂其主管範圍內之事業計畫，並分別指示所屬
各事業擬訂業務計畫；根據業務計畫，擬編預算。
二、營業基金預算之主要內容如左︰
(一) 營業收支之估計。
(二) 固定資產之建設、改良、擴充與其資金來源及其投資計畫之成本與
效益分析。
(三) 長期債務之舉借及償還。
(四) 資金之轉投資及其盈虧之估計。
(五) 盈虧撥補之預計。
三、新創事業之預算，準用前款之規定。
四、國營事業辦理移轉、停業或撤銷時，其預算應就資產負債之清理及有
關之收支編列之。
五、營業收支之估計，應各依其業務情形，訂定計算之標準；其應適用成
本計算者，並應按產品別附具成本計算方式、單位成本、耗用人工及
材料之數量與有關資料，並將變動成本與固定成本分析之。
六、盈餘分配及虧損填補之項目如左︰
(一) 盈餘分配︰
甲、填補歷年虧損。
乙、提列公積。
丙、分配股息紅利或繳庫盈餘。
丁、其他依法律應行分配之事項。
戊、未分配盈餘。
(二) 虧損填補︰
甲、撥用未分配盈餘。
乙、撥用公積。
丙、折減資本。
丁、出資填補。
七、有關投資事項，其完成期限超過一年度者，應列明計畫內容、投資總
額、執行期間及各年度之分配額；依各年度之分配額，編列各該年度
預算。
國營事業辦理移轉、停業，應依預算程序辦理。

第 86 條附屬單位預算應編入總預算者，在營業基金為盈餘之應解庫額及虧損之由
庫撥補額與資本由庫增撥或收回額；在其他特種基金，為由庫撥補額或應
繳庫額。
各附屬單位預算機關辦理以前年度依法定程序所提列之公積轉帳增資時，
以立法院通過之當年度各該附屬單位預算所列數額為準，不受前項應編入
總預算之限制。

第 87 條各編製營業基金預算之機關，應依其業務情形及第七十六條之規定編造分
期實施計畫及收支估計表，其配合業務增減需要隨同調整之收支，併入決
算辦理。
前項分期實施計畫及收支估計表，應報由各該主管機關核定執行，並轉送
中央主計機關、審計機關及中央財政主管機關備查。

第 88 條附屬單位預算之執行，如因經營環境發生重大變遷或正常業務之確實需要
，報經行政院核准者，得先行辦理，並得不受第二十五條至第二十七條之
限制。但其中有關固定資產之建設、改良、擴充及資金之轉投資、資產之
變賣及長期債務之舉借、償還，仍應補辦預算。每筆數額營業基金三億元
以上，其他基金一億元以上者，應送立法院備查；但依第五十四條辦理及
因應緊急災害動支者，不在此限。
公務機關因其業務附帶有事業或營業行為之作業者，該項預算之執行，準
用前項之規定。
第一項所稱之附屬單位預算之正常業務，係指附屬單位經常性業務範圍。

第 89 條附屬單位預算中，營業基金以外其他特種基金預算應編入總預算者，為由
庫撥補額或應繳庫額，但其作業賸餘或公積撥充基金額，不在此限，其預
算之編製、審議及執行，除信託基金依其所定條件外，凡為餘絀及成本計
算者，準用營業基金之規定。

第 90 條附屬單位預算之編製、審議及執行，本章未規定者，準用本法其他各章之
有關規定。

第七章附則
第 91 條立法委員所提法律案大幅增加歲出或減少歲入者，應先徵詢行政院之意見
，指明彌補資金之來源；必要時，並應同時提案修正其他法律。

第 92 條未依組織法令設立之機關，不得編列預算。

第 93 條司法院得獨立編列司法概算。
行政院就司法院所提之年度司法概算，得加註意見，編入中央政府總預算
案，併送立法院審議。
司法院院長認為必要時，得請求列席立法院司法及法制委員會會議。

第 94 條配額、頻率及其他限量或定額特許執照之授與，除法律另有規定外，應依
公開拍賣或招標之方式為之，其收入歸屬於國庫。

第 95 條監察委員、主計官、審計官、檢察官就預算事件，得為機關或附屬單位起
訴、上訴或參加其訴訟。

第 96 條地方政府預算，另以法律定之。
前項法律未制定前，準用本法之規定。

第 97 條預算科目名稱應顯示其事項之性質。歲入來源別科目之名稱及其分類，依
財政收支劃分法之規定；歲出政事別、計畫或業務別與用途別科目之名稱
及其分類，由中央主計機關定之。

第 98 條預算書表格式，由中央主計機關定之。

第 99 條本法修正施行後，因新舊會計年度之銜接，行政院應編製一次一年六個月
之預算，以資調整。

第 100 條本法自公布日施行。
本法修正條文施行日期，由行政院於修正條文公布後兩個會計年度內定之
。

管理資料庫

2011-05-11T17:48:00.000-07:00

企業資源規劃(Enterprise Resource Planning, ERP)
由美國著名管理諮詢公司Gartner Group Inc. 於1990年提出來的，最初被定義為應用軟體，但迅速為全世界商業企業所接受，現已經發展成為現代企業管理理論之一。企業資源計劃系統，是指建立在資訊技術基礎上，以系統化的管理思想，為企業決策層及員工提供決策運行手段的管理平台。企業資源計劃也是實施企業流程再造的重要工具之一，是個屬於大型製造業所使用的公司資源管理系統。
reference:
google.com
----------------------------------------------------------

美國史丹佛大學「設計思維（design thinking）」課程
設計思維創意工坊

「設計思維 Design Thinking」中重複循環的五步驟「同感、定義、想像、原型、測試」（Empathy, Define, Ideate, Prototype, Test）

原文網址: NOWnews【在地情報】新竹縣市／設計思維用心創意　史丹佛最新課程清大開課 http://www.nownews.com/2011/01/17/11462-2682711.htm#ixzz1BP2CIGaL

http://dschool.typepad.com/news/design-process/

「設計思維」是一個創意與設計的方法論
目的在於為各種議題尋求創新的解決方案，而能夠為未來創造更多可能性。

史丹佛的設計思維課程不只可以用於商業或是技術創新，也讓兒童、青年及教授接受訓練，為生活中最基本、細微的小地方都帶來意想不到的改變與進步，也能為目前我們面對的許多問題提出更方便、更貼近人性的解決之道。
-----------------------------------------------------
日經Business
團隊運作七個層次
1. level 1 認識
2. level 2 可閒談
3. level 3 相互了解對方個性與想法
4. level 4 價值觀與知識共有
5. level 5 互信
6. level 6 超越利害合作
7. LEVEL 7 團隊互動與創新

英文致詞

2011-05-11T06:37:00.001-07:00

GOOD EVENING LADIES AND GENTLEMEN
[很高興被邀請來與會]

[來學習]
[雙方有很強的友好關係]
IT IS MY PLEASURE TO WELCOME DEPUTY PREMIER MR. CHENG HSIUNG CHIU VICE PREMIER OF THE EXECUTIVE GOVERNMENT AND ALL OUR HONOURED GUESTS TO THE CLOSING CEREMONY OF THE 8TH WORLD GAMES IN KAOHSIUNG. WE ALSO WISH TO THANK THE MANY INTERNATIONAL OLYMPIC COMMITTEE AND NATIONAL OLYMPIC COMMITTEE MEMBERS WHO PARTICIPATED IN HELPING BRING THEIR ATHLETES TO THE GAMES. THE TAIPEI AND KAOHSIUNG CITY GOVERNMENT ARE TO BE CONGRATULATED FOR GIVING ALL OF US AN OPPORTUNITY TO PARTICPATE IN SUCH A FANTASTIC MULTI SPORT WORLD GAMES EVENT.

WE HAVE ALL ENJOYED THE EVENTS AND THE TRUE SPORTMANSHIP WE WITNESSED BETWEEN THE ATHLETES. TOP SPORTS AND HIGH SPIRITS WITH FAIR PLAY WAS WITHOUT DOUBT THE ORDER OF THE DAY. I CANNOT THANK OUR ATHLETES ENOUGH FOR THEIR PARTICIPATION AND SPORTSMANSHIP. TO ALL OUR ADMINISTATORS AND COACHES THANK YOU FOR A JOB WELL DONE. I WANT TO PAY TRIBUTE TO ALL THE VOLUNTEERS WHO WERE SO KIND TO ALL THE GUESTS AND WENT OVER AND BEYOND THE CALL OF DUTY – YOU DID A MARVELLOUS JOB AND REPRESENTED YOUR CITY OF KAOHSIUNG WITH PRIDE.

LAST BUT NOT LEAST MY HEARTFELT THANKS AND GRATITUDE TO THE KAOHSIUNG ORGANIZING COMMITTEE AND MAYOR CHEN FOR ALL THEIR SUPPORT AND KAOHSIUNG SHOULD BE PROUD OF THE OUTSTANDING ACHIEVEMENT OF THE 8TH WORLD GAMES. ALL OF US ARE GRATEFUL FOR THE SUPPORT OF ALL THE CITIZENS OF KAOHSIUNG.

THANKS TO ALL SPONSORS AND THE MEDIA WHO HAVE DONE AN ENORMOUS JOB OF SUPPORTING THE SPORTS IN THE GAMES.

MAYOR CHEN WE WILL TONIGHT HAND OVER THE FLAG TO THE 2013 CITY OF CALI COLOMBIA BUT BEFORE WE DO THIS I WANT TO MAKE THE FOLLOWING DECLARATION.
[預祝大會成功]
“THE 2009 WORLD GAMES IN KAOHSIUNG HAVE BEEN THE BEST GAMES EVER.

THANK YOU, CHE CHE.

http://www.niccy.org/News/speeches

In-Q-Tel

2011-05-11T06:23:00.001-07:00

In-Q-Tel

州檢察總長指控面板業

2011-05-08T19:31:00.000-07:00

紐約州檢察總長 點名面板廠觸犯反托辣斯
2010/08/09 09:48

【經濟日報╱記者張義宮／台北報導】

亞洲面板業者遭到美國反托辣斯訴訟的風波又起，紐約州檢察長郭謨（Andrew Cuomo）遞狀指控日本、南韓及台灣的面板公司，聯合操縱價格十年，要追究這項共謀造成的損害、民事懲罰，包括追回非法溢價。
眾達國際法律事務所資深顧問陳泰明表示，美國法規嚴謹，面板業違反托辣斯法，除得面臨美國司法部刑事罪，繳交鉅額罰款外，高級主管還要面臨牢獄之災；此次的民事賠償，求償金額恐怕相當高，值得重視。
這次被告企業包括南韓的三星電子和LG面板公司，日本是夏普、東芝、日立面板，台灣則有友達、奇美電子、日本奇美，以及這些企業的美國關係企業，總共20家公司。
陳泰明指出，全球面板產業處於寡占型態，集中在韓國、台灣及日本大廠手中，除先前美國司法部、歐盟貿易委員會、日本和韓國的公平貿易委員會展開反壟斷調查外，AT&T、摩托羅拉、諾基亞也都在美提出控訴，面板業法律風險和訴訟成本都因此提高

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
紐約州檢察長Andrew Cuomo宣布參選市長 2010/05/24-雷佳宜
紐約州檢察長(Attorney General)Andrew Cuomo在紐約Tweed Courthouse外對支持者宣布參選紐約市市長一職，Cuomo曾在2009年11月控告英特爾(Intel)壟斷。
ps: Cuomo現於2011.1就任為市長
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佛州檢察長對全球LCD面板大廠提告 2010/08/11-陳逸民
佛羅里達州檢察長麥考勒姆(Bill McCollum)10日宣布將對全球最大的TFT-LCD面板製造廠商提出控告，表示這些廠商密謀操控面板價格。根據他將對加州聯邦法院提出的民事...
PS:2010競選未成功
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面板遭控涉壟斷學者：須警惕
( 2010/12/08 19:31 中央社 )
（中央社記者林惠君台北2010年12月8日電）
歐盟執委會預定今天公布包括台灣友達在內的面板廠涉嫌壟斷罰金...
台灣經濟研究院副院長龔明鑫表示，過去台灣多是中小企業，不會面臨到被控聯合壟斷問題，隨著台灣科技業規模越來越大，再加上現在較大面板廠只剩台灣和韓國，廠商就會面臨以往未預料到的法律問題。

....韓國在這方面較有經驗，但台灣廠商在國際市場上產業或商業的法律研究較少。
外電日前報導，韓國三星面板廠以污點證人身分，檢舉韓國樂金顯示器（LGD）、台灣的友達、奇美電子、華映、彩晶壟斷面板價格，違反「反托辣斯法」。
------------------------------------------------------------------------
2011-01-21 第201101期
反托辣斯風暴席捲面板業 文　潘智義
獲利不高　裁罰恐導致虧損
其實面板業在金融海嘯發生的2008年第四季急凍，整個產業到2009年第三季才略有起色，但以奇美電子為例，2009年第四季就被美國以壟斷面板價格為由，罰了2.2億美元，讓奇美電子財報呈現虧損。
2010年4月起面板價格持續下跌，10月部分尺寸面板價格已跌破成本，奇美電子第三季虧損，歐盟12月對奇美電子再罰3億歐元，如果接受罰款金額，這下子財報恐怕又很難看了。

電子產業研究機構DIGITIMES Research資深分析師黃銘章表示，外界或許高估面板業的獲利，台灣面板業近十年平均獲利率不高，友達只約7%、奇美電子才5%；彩晶、華映更是在損益兩平或接近小虧。

對於美國指控壟斷面板價格，除奇美電子、中華映管、瀚宇彩晶接受認罪協商之外，友達是唯一不認罪，並強調官司打到底的業者。這次歐盟對面板廠裁罰，友達也在收到通知當天立即表達上訴意願，並強調將積極抗辯。

今年8月友達董事長陳炫彬、總經理陳來助，以及前執行副總經理熊暉赴美準備出庭，卻遭美留置。一波未平一波又起，現在又要打歐盟的官司。

污點證人三星不罰藉此擴大與競爭者距
不過，特別的是，歐盟對不承認壟斷面板價格，且官司打到底的友達裁罰1.168億歐元，對於已在美認罪協商的奇美電子卻重罰3億歐元，讓外界實在看不懂...
對此，友達光電執行副總經理彭雙浪表示，友達雖然沒壟斷面板價格，但仍積極配合調查，所以罰金比承認的同業低。但既然未壟斷價格，當然要提出上訴。
....歐盟卻在隨後表示，奇美電子不合作才遭重罰。
美國和歐盟對台灣面板廠裁罰，唯一不受罰的就是全球最大面板廠韓國三星電子，三星以「污點證人」身分不罰，正可因此拉大與其他業者競爭力的差距。前幾年韓國面板廠因韓元貶值，在台灣面板廠賠錢之際，仍然賺錢，現在更可利用台灣面板廠可能繳交巨額罰款之際，再拉大彼此差距...

------------------------------------------------------------------------
資料來源:
1.http://tw.money.yahoo.com/news_article/adbf/d_a_101208_1_2cktt

2.DIGITIMES中文網原文網址: 佛州檢察長對全球LCD面板大廠提告 http://www.digitimes.com.tw/tw/dt/n/shwnws.asp?id=0000194818_T6L77JYP2XFG0T7NFD25E&ct=1#ixzz1LopivxrL

3.http://money.udn.com/report/storypage.jsp?f_ART_ID=216211
4. http://mag.chinatimes.com/mag-cnt.aspx?artid=6549&perid=1625&page=2

2011.5.9整理

性侵害犯罪加害人之各項處遇措施5

2011-05-06T18:49:00.000-07:00

性侵害犯罪加害人之各項處遇措施 5
聯邦
1994 Jacob Wetterling Crimes Against Children and Sexually Violent Offender Registration Act
法案(任意性)
要求各州建立性犯罪者登記資料庫與公開訊息
1996修正為強制性法案
2006 The Adam Walsh Child Protection an Safety Act(= The Sex Offender Registration and Notification Act)--截至2010年僅有4州有能力配合執行
FBI應負責建置全國性電腦資料庫NSOR
www.fbi.gov/scams-safety/registry

法案重點:
1.登記報到制度:
將性犯罪者分三級。
2.公告制度:
3.住所地選擇之限制: Residence Restrictions
嚴重產生流放現象。佛州性罪犯無家可歸:群據於陸橋底下。
4.網路使用之限制( Internet Bans)

法案引發之憲法爭議:
1.雙重處罰
2.違反人權法案之禁止酷刑原則( Cruel and Unusual Punishment)
無理由之終身監禁
3.正當程序Due Process
4.明確性原則

佛州:
2005.9.1 Jessica Lunsford Act -HB 1877
(一)密集監督(二)double registration requirements(雙重註冊)(三)自動成立第三級重罪機制

加州:
2006.11.07第83號提案,住居範圍之限制

note參考資料:
陳佑杰,美國新近對於性侵害犯的監管與治療措施-潔西卡法案(Jessica's Law)之簡介,p3-4,法務通訊,第2537期,100.3.31
陳佑杰,美國新近對於性侵害犯的監管與治療措施-談梅根法案之過去、現在與將來,p3-4,法務通訊,第2564期,100.10.06

性侵害犯罪加害人之各項處遇措施 1
http://wanliyang.blogspot.com/2010/04/blog-post.html
性侵害犯罪加害人之各項處遇措施 2 。
性侵害犯罪加害人之各項處遇措施 3 。
性侵害犯罪加害人之各項處遇措施5:
http://wanliyang.blogspot.com/2011/05/5.html

楊婉莉 Wanli Yang
2010.10.29 Sat.
K.H.

法國人權宣言

2011-04-29T21:55:00.000-07:00

法國人權宣言
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen（1789）

公元1789年8月26日
法蘭西王國波旁王朝制憲國民會議通過
The representatives of the people of France, formed into a National Assembly, considering that ignorance, neglect, or contempt of human rights, are the sole causes of public misfortunes and corruptions of Government, have resolved to set forth in a solemn declaration, these natural, imprescriptible, and inalienable rights; that this declaration being constantly present to the minds of the members body social, they may be ever kept attentive to their rights and their duties;3 that the acts of the legislative and executive powers of Government, being capable
of being every moment compared with the end of political institutions, may be more respected; and also, that the future claims of the citizens, being directed by simple and incontestable principles, may always tend to the maintenance of the Constitution, and the general happiness.4 For these reasons the National Assembly doth recognise [sic] and declare, in the presence of the Supreme Being, and with a hope of his blessing and favour, the following sacred rights of men and of citizens:
　　組成國民會議的法蘭西人民的代表們，相信對於人權的無知、忽視與輕蔑乃是公共災禍與政府腐化的唯一原因，乃決定在一個莊嚴的宣言裡面，闡明人類自然的、不可讓渡的與神聖的權利，以便這個永遠呈現於社會所有成員之前的宣言，能不斷地向他們提醒他們的權利與義務；以便立法權與行政權的行動，因能隨時與所有政治制度的目標兩相比較，從而更加受到尊重；以便公民們今後根據簡單的而無可爭辯的原則提出的各項要求，能恆久地導向憲法的維護並有助於人類全體的幸福。因此，國民會議在上帝之前及其庇護下，承認並且宣佈如下的人權與公民權：
I.
Men are born, and always continue, free and equal in respect of their rights. Civil distinctions, therefore, can only be founded on public utility.
第一條 (人生而自由平等)
在權利方面，人類是與生俱來而且始終是自由與平等的。社會的差異只能基於共同的福祉而存在。

II.
The end of all political associations is the preservation of the natural and imprescriptible rights of man; and these rights are Liberty, Property, Security, and Resistance of Oppression.

第二條(結社自由)
一切政治結社的目的都在於維護人類自然的和不可動搖的權利。這些權利是自由、財產、安全與反抗壓迫。

III.
The Nation is essentially the source of all sovereignty; nor can any individual or any body of men, be entitled to any authority which is not expressly derived from it.
第三條(主權在民)
整個主權的本原根本上乃寄託於國民。任何團體或任何個人皆不得行使國民所未明白授與的權力。

IV.
Political Liberty consists in the power of doing whatever does not injure another. The exercise of the natural rights of every man, has no other limits than those which are necessary to secure to every other man the free exercise of the same rights; and these limits are determinable only by the law.
第四條(自由與限制)
自由就是指有權從事一切無害於他人的行為；因此，每一個人自然權利的行使，只以保證社會上其他成員能享有相同的權利為限制。此等限制只能以法律決定之。

V.
The law ought to prohibit only actions hurtful to society. What is not prohibited by the law, should not be hindered; nor should anyone be compelled to that which the law does not require.
第五條
法律僅能禁止有害於社會的行為。凡未經法律禁止的行為即不得受到妨礙，而且任何人都不得被強制去從事法律所未規定的行為。

VI.
The law is an expression of the will of the community. All citizens
have a right to concur, either personally or by their representatives, in
its formation.s It should be the same to all, whether it protects or punishes; and all being equal in its sight, are equally eligible to all honors, places, and employments, according to their different abilities,without any other distinction than that created by their virtues and talents.
第六條
法律是普遍意志的表達。每一個公民皆有權個別地或透過他們的代表去參與法律的制訂。法律對於所有的人，無論是施行保護或是懲罰都是一樣的。在法律的眼裡一律平等的所有公民，除了他們的德行和才能上的區別之外，皆能按照他們的能力，平等地取得擔任一切官職、公共職位與職務的資格。

VII.
No man should be accused, arrested, or held in confinement, except in cases determined by the law, and according to the forms which it has prescribed. All who promote, solicit, execute, or cause to be executed, arbitrary orders, ought to be punished,and every citizen called upon, or apprehended by virtue of the law, ought immediately to obey, and renders himself culpable by resistance.
第七條 (正當程序 due process)
除非在法律所規定情況下並按照法律所指示的程序，任何人均不受控告、逮捕與拘留。所有請求發佈、傳送、執行或使人執行任何專斷的命令者，皆應受到懲罰。但任何根據法律而被傳喚或逮捕的公民則應當立即服從，抗拒即屬犯法。

VIII.
The law ought to impose no other penalties but such as are absolutely and evidently necessary; and no one ought to be punished, but in virtue of a law promulgated before the offense, and legally applied.
第八條 (刑罰法定)
法律只應規定確實和明顯必要的刑罰，而且除非根據在犯法前已經通過並且公佈的法律而合法地受到科處，任何人均不應遭受刑罰。

Article 9
Because every man is presumed innocent until he has been declared guilty, if it should be considered necessary to arrest him, any force beyond the minimum necessary to arrest and imprison the person will be treated with severely.[2]
第九條(無罪推定)
所有人直到被宣告有罪之前，都應被推定為無罪，而即使逮捕被判定為必要的，一切為羈押人犯身體而不必要的嚴酷手段，都應當受到法律的嚴厲制裁。

X.
No man ought to be molested on account of his opinions, not even on account of his religious opinions, provided his avowal of them does not disturb the public order established by law.
第十條 (表達與宗教自由)
任何人不應為其意見、甚至其宗教觀點而遭到干涉，只要他們的表達沒有擾亂到以法律所建立起來的公共秩序。

XI.
The unrestrained communication of thoughts and opinions being one of the most precious Rights of Man, every citizen may speak, write, and publish freely, provided he is responsible for the abuse of this liberty, in cases determined by the law.
第十一條 (言論著作出版自由)
自由傳達思想與意見乃是人類最為寶貴的權利之一。因此，每一個公民都可以自由地從事言論、著作與出版，但在法律所規定的情況下，仍應就於此項自由的濫用負擔責任。

Article 12
[版本1]
Guaranteeing the rights of man and of the citizen requires a public force[3]. This force is therefore established for the benefit of all, and not for the particular use of those to whom it is entrusted.
[版本2]
A public force being necessary to give security to the Rights of Men and of citizens, that force is instituted for the benefit of the community and not for the particular benefit of the persons with whom it is entrusted.

第十二條
人權與公民權的保障需要公共的武裝力量。這個力量因此是為了全體的福祉而不是為了此種力量的受任人的個人利益而設立的。

XIII.
A common contribution being necessary for the support of the public force, and for defraying the other expenses of Government, it ought to be divided equally among the members of the community,according to their abilities.
第十三條為了公共力量的維持和行政管理的支出，普遍的賦稅是不可或缺的。賦稅應在全體公民之間按其能力平等地分攤。

Article 14
All citizens have the right to verify for themselves, or through their representatives, the necessity for the public tax. They further have the right to grant the tax freely, to watch over how it is used, and to determine its amount[4], the basis for its assessment and of its collection, and its duration.

第十四條
所有公民都有權親身或由其代表決定公共賦稅的必要性；自由地加以認可；知悉其用途；和決定稅率、課稅評定與徵收方式、以及期間。

XV.
Every community has a right to demand of all its agents, an account of their conduct.
第十五條
社會有權要求每一個公務人員報告其行政工作。

XVI.
Every community in which a separation of powers and a security of rights is not provided for, wants a Constitution.
第十六條 (權力分立)
一個社會如果其權利的保障未能獲得保證，而且權力的分立亦未能得到確立，就根本不存在憲法。

XVII.
The rights to property being inviolable and sacred, no one ought to be deprived of it, except in cases of evident public necessity, legally ascertained, and on condition of a previous just indemnity.
第十七條
財產是不可侵犯與神聖的權利，除非當合法認定的公共需要對它明白地提出要求，同時基於所有權人已預先和公平地得到補償的條件，任何人的財產乃皆不可受到剝奪。

End Notes
1.It is very easy, when translating French, to be misled by the many faux amis (false friends)—words that look the same in French and English but have different meanings. Sometimes, this difference may affect the translation little, but in some cases a more accurate translation gives a very different aspect to the meaning of the original text.

I am at odds with previous available translations that I have seen. Although previous translators have much facility in creating word pictures, they seem often to have avoided reference to a French-English dictionary. This results in inadequate interpretations of an important document.

2.The wording in the final clause of article 9 has been written to reflect more clearly the notion being described. Here, in this endnote, is a more literal translation of this last part of article 9:

“...all harshness that is not necessary to secure his person must be severely suppressed by the law.”

3.of policemen, gendarmes, troops.

4.Quotité: literally the fixed amount representing each share.
There are two types of tax
—tax by shares, where one determines in the first instance the amount each person must pay;
—and tax by distribution, where each administrative unit (commune) must pay; the amount paid being subsequently shared between the inhabitants who each pay their portion.

21. 第12條之解釋:The Declaration af Rights' recognition of the importance of police or
military forces and of the fact that they do not exist for their own benefit is
echoed in VA. BILL OF RIGHTS § 13 (1776) ("a well-regulated militia ... is the
proper, natural, and safe defence of a free State; ... and ... in all cases the
military should be under strict subordination to, and governed by, the civil
power"). See also MD. CONST. Declaration of Rights § II (1776) (the "State ought
to have the sole and exclusive right of regulating the internal government and
police thereof"), § XXV ("a well-regulated militia is the proper and natural
defence of a free government"), § XXVII ("the military ought to be under strict
subordination to and control of the civil power"); N.H. CaNsT. art. XXVI (1784)
("the military ought to be under strict subordination to, and governed by the
civil power"); N.C. CaNsT. Declaration of Rights art. XVII (1776) ("the military
should be kept under strict subordination to, and governed by the civil power");
PA. CaNsT. art. XIII (1776) ("the military should be kept under strict subordination
to, and governed by, the civil power"); S.c. CaNsT. § XLII (1778) (providing
that "the military [shall] be subordinate to the civil power of the State");
VT. CaNsT. ch. I, art. IV ("the people ... have the sole ... right of governing
and regulating the internal police" of the state), art. XV (1777) ("the military
should be kept under strict subordination to, and governed by, the civil power").[p.43]

資料來源:
1.Google 對 http://www.magnacartaplus.org/french-rights/1789.htm 快取
2.Vincent Robert Johnson,The French Declaration of the Rights of Man and
of Citizens of 1789, the Reign of Terror, and the Revolutionary Tribunal of Paris,Boston College International and Comparative Law Review Volume 13/ Issue 1/1990

2011.4.30整理

西方哲學讀摘

2011-03-26T21:12:00.000-07:00

西方哲學讀書心得
=========================================================
西方哲學的分期問題 不同的哲學史觀, 亦略會出現哲學史不同分期的切割點。

西方哲學可簡略地分成五個主要時期，而各自有其主要課題或思考特式。此五個時期是: (一) 神話、傳說時期 - 由神話喻意時代到蘇格拉底出現之前。這時期的哲學課題是「人的根源」及「情緒現象探究」。哲學一點去說, 是「宇宙論」、「認識論」及「倫理觀」的初步分析。 (二) 古希臘哲學時期 - 由蘇格拉底到亞里士多德的一段時間。這時期的哲學漸成型並走向成熟。「形而上學」、「倫理學」、「美學」第的哲學部門正式出現。而「科學」之名, 在亞里士多德的領導下, 亦開始走向成為一門獨立學問之路。 (三) 中世紀哲學時期 - 由古希臘哲學時代息微至法國笛卡兒出現為止。這時是信仰探索最旺盛的年代, 但也是「非神學」的黑暗年代。神學(主要是指基督教)及相關的人生哲學課題，主導了一切的思想探究。 (四) 近代哲學時期 - 由文藝復興、工業革命到尼采離世的1900年為止。這是哲學上，繼古希臘後的第二個黃金年代。哲學水平之高，更是後未有來者。 (五) 當代哲學時期 - 由尼采離世後所引起的回響到現在。這時工業革命已發展到一個前所未有的階段。中間又曾經歷兩次世界大戰。哲學分成兩個主要方向。一個是探討「人的生存意義」，結合文學、社會思潮等成一個陣營；另一個是專攻「哲學技術的探討」，結合數學、科學去展開新的探索。前者可簡約為是「存在主義」及「當代倫理學」, 而後者則是「分析哲學」及「科學哲學」。
希臘哲學 1. 對自然、宇宙、存在作一解釋 2. 形上學之初步建構 3. 倫理學、知識論之形成 方法：古典邏輯推論泰利斯 (624 - 546BC) 赫拉克里特斯 (535 - 475 BC) 巴門尼德斯 (544 - 501 BC) 蘇格拉底 (470 – 399 BC) 柏拉圖 (427 – 347 BC) 亞里士多德 (384 – 322 BC)

中古哲學 1. 神之論証 2. 唯名、唯實之爭奧古斯丁 (354 – 430 AD) 湯瑪士•亞基諾 (1225 – 1274)

啟蒙時代 1. 獨斷之形上學時期 2. 主觀哲學與客觀哲學之爭 3. 理性主義與經驗主義之爭 方法：懷疑、推培根【英】 (1561 – 1624) 笛卡兒【法】 (1596 – 1650) 斯賓諾莎【荷蘭】 (1632 – 1677) 箂布列茲【德】 (1646 – 1716) 洛克【英】 (1632 – 1704) 巴克來【愛爾蘭】 (1685 – 1753) 伏爾泰【法】 (1694 – 1778) 盧梭【瑞士】 (1712 – 1778) 休謨【蘇格蘭】 (1711 – 1776)

近代哲學 1. 形而上學之再造時期 2. 批判哲學 3. 精神哲學 4. 唯心(觀念)哲學體系之完成 5. 唯心唯物之對壘 方法：以構代推、批判、辯証法康德【德】 (1724 – 1804) 黑格爾【德】 (1770 – 1831) 叔本華【德】 (1788 – 1860) 費爾巴克【德】 (1804 – 1872) 齊克果【丹麥】 (1813 – 1855) 馬克斯【德】 (1818 – 1883) 詹姆士【美】 (1842 – 1910) 尼采【德】 (1844 – 1900) 邊沁Jeremy Bentham (1748～1832) 英國政治思想家﹑法學家﹑經濟學家﹐功利主義創始人。

當代哲學 1. 現象學 2. 實用主義 3. 存在主義 4. 分析哲學 5. 科學哲學 方法：分析、解構、語言、現象學、內省胡賽爾【奧】 (1859 – 1938) 杜威【美】 (1859 – 1952) 懷海德【英】 (1861 – 1947) 克羅齊【意】 (1866 – 1952) 羅素【英】 (1872 – 1970) 卡西勒【德】 (1874 – 1945) 雅斯培【德】 (1883 – 1969) 維根斯坦【奧】 (1889 – 1951) 海德格【德】 (1889 – 1976) 沙特【法】 (1908 – 1980)( Jean-Paul Sartre 主體中心論代表) ============================================================

前蘇格拉底時期: 所想的, 絕大部份是宇宙、物理學的問題。開始放棄神話，而代之以觀察、推敲及想像。他們會追問什麼才是物的原理、物的本質, 又發展了種種關於宇宙起源的初步理論。其中最重要的成果, 首推宇宙「一元論」和「原子論」。開始反省「人」的問題。對人的「智力」現象作了些初步考察。於是, 在「自然、物質」以外, 為人類加添了「靈魂」及「不朽」的想法; 在「宇宙」的問題以外, 又加添了「邏輯」的批評; 在「什麼是本質」以外, 探討了「人生的目的與意義」。這時期的主要課題如下: 1. 宇宙是什麼? 它是怎樣演變而來的? 有否永恆? 2. 如何才是合乎「理性」的想法? 3. 人是什麼? 在物質軀殼以外, 人還有什麼? 4. 人生的意義是什麼?

蘇格拉底、柏拉圖及亞里士多德蘇格拉底於哲學留下最多的，是他做人及對哲學的態度、思考的方法及他對柏拉圖的影響。蘇格拉底自稱為思考的「催生使」, 並喜歡以「對話問答式」的方法去作提問及考察問題。他對「正義」及「法治」的信任, 則深深地影響了柏拉圖。柏拉圖的著作, 經常借用蘇格拉底的身份去說話, 以致那些話到底是誰的意思也變得模糊。

柏拉圖從世界「變動」之中找到「存有」(不變), 並由此推出他的「理念論」。他的「理念論」從「形而上學」推廣至「倫理學」, 並順此推展至一個「反物質」的境地。柏拉圖的思想是「永恆」(無時間性)的。

理想國

但他的弟子亞里士多德卻不是這樣想。假如說柏拉圖哲學的終極成就是在看不見的世界及「形而上學」上, 那麼, 亞里士多德哲學的最終目的地, 就是具體真實生活與「科學」。亞里士多德較之柏拉圖來說, 對“大自然”的物質世界更感興趣。亞里士多德同樣尊敬他的師傅柏拉圖，但他的名句，吾愛吾師，但更愛真理，卻道出他們師徒間要走的路是多麼的不同。亞里士多德用「物質」與「形式」的二元方式, 去取代柏拉圖的「理念論」。他又以「四因說」及「歸納法」去解釋世界事物的變化, 並從科學的觀察中找尋理據, 結束了柏拉圖式的“玄學”年代。

-------------------------------------------------------------

中世紀神學: 奧古斯丁與阿奎那中世紀哲學所探討的主要的課題是論証「神的存在」與及「罪惡的真實性」問題。代表人物是奧古斯丁及湯瑪士‧阿奎那。奧古斯丁用的是柏拉圖的思想模式, 用「理型」(理念論)去解說「神」。而相反, 阿奎那卻是屬於「亞里士多德學派」的。這又涉及一場中古哲學的論戰。這場論戰, 就是「唯名」與「唯實」之爭辯。原來，在探求「神的存在」的同時, 中古哲學家就不得不面對「原罪」的概念。而在分析「原罪」的過程中, 哲學家就要顯示「共相」(Universal)的真實性及其(客觀)存在與否的證據。於是, 由「共相」(普遍真實)的分析, 就會引出「唯名」與「唯實」之辯論。
------------------------------------------------------------

近代哲學(I): 培根、斯賓諾沙及伏爾泰近代哲學的開始, 是由培根與笛卡兒的哲學說起的。培根是(近代)客觀哲學之父，與笛卡兒是(近代)主觀哲學之父。培根主張用歸納法, 重視經驗, 開創英國經驗主義的傳流。 笛卡兒: 他的方法論則是由「懷疑」作起點的, 直至懷疑到不可再懷疑處，才再建立其哲學系統。他的「我思故我在」, 証明了「懷疑主體」不可被懷疑。其對本體的認識, 開創了「主觀哲學」之路。笛卡兒之後是斯賓諾莎。他是泛神論者, 認為世界萬物都是神的普遍表現, 故有「中國的莊子」的稱號。他繼承笛卡兒的「我思故我在」，並說出: 「我存在, 並感知世界! 」之句。

約翰·洛克（John Locke，1632-1704): 社會契約論。箂布列茲與洛克(John Locke)大約同時代生存, 洛克是經驗主義的代表人物。當人們在問: 「知識如何可能? 」洛克說: 「人心尤如白紙! 」說明了經驗對知識形成的重耍性。此外, 洛克也對「知識如何可能? 」，經驗如何促成知識，亦作了一個詳細的分析[ps:劉宓慶於翻譯與語言哲學一書的緒論中表示:洛克John Locke的Of Words一書: “意義”源於”觀念”，”詞語”乃”觀念”的符號，人的觀念均源於後天的經驗。洛克乃觀念論的先驅。]。

箂布列茲是德國哲學史上第一個巨頭。他用「單子論」解釋「物質」與「心靈」存有之區別。他又認為「普遍語言」(純粹語言)可以解決一切形而上的問題。

伏爾泰的主要影響乃源自他的思考風格, 及他對「理智」的信任。他的名言: 「我對你所說的，雖然不同意，但我對你說話的權利，卻絕對的尊重。」更直接啟動了法國的啟蒙運動。

休謨(David Hume, 1711-1776)。以懷疑論者自居。對「自然狀態」學說存疑，也反對「社會契約論（洛克）。

近代哲學(II): 康德與黑格爾對「知識如何成為可能? 」作出了一場辯論，這也是「理性主義」與「經驗主義」之爭。理性主義:知識的可能在於人的理性；經驗主義:知識不能脫離經驗。理性主義(缺):忽略「知識」其實是要與「外界實在」相一致才有效; 經驗主義(缺):忽略「知識」沒有了「理性基礎」亦不可以，於是，乃有康德統一二者的理論出現。

(1)康德放棄了一貫「肯定外在實有」的說法, 改而從人的「知識限制」作一探討。他要解決的問題是「外在觀念」與「內在概念知識」如何能一致的問題。康德探討了(先天)知性與理性的結構及其限制, 再進一步以道德為「實踐」理性之指導, 並完成了他的道德哲學系統。他的認識論，從「客體性」向「主體性」發展，被稱為是哲學界中的「哥白尼式的回轉」。
康德：理性哲學 Vernunft(唯心論的方法論)
純粹理性: 求真。思考方法(要學習邏輯、思考方法)。
實踐理性: 求善。政治社會制度，所學邏輯要落實於社會制度等(沒談力學、物理、有機物理)。
純粹理性+實踐理性=絕對理性:美。
絕對理性=絕對自由=判斷力，才能對美學判斷(美的社會制度、美的政治制度)，絕對理性在於探討判斷力。
典型的唯心論。

(2)Hegel (1770-1831)。在黑格爾眼中，康德的理論是一套「形式主義」的哲學 (即: 只從原則及形式上講，而在實際生活中卻沒有較具體的指引。) 而且康德的理論也說不出人類精神文化的一面。於是，針對康德所說，黑格爾就嘗試去說明「意識」、「精神」是如何發展的。而最終他亦由精神的運作方式去闡述世界文化與歷史的進程，並完成了近代德國的唯心(觀念)體系。 (PS黑格爾專用語: 理念ideal，精神Geist)
Q人到什麼程度是自由? 康德: 理性。黑格爾用:精神。
精神哲學 Geist
主觀精神: 邏輯學(內在世界如何做出正確判斷)。
客觀精神:自然哲學(理工)。完成主觀精神後，人必須客觀。思考方式必須不違背自然(談力學、物理、有機物理)。
主觀與客觀合一，方能達到:絕對精神(倫理學)。

近代哲學(III): 叔本華與尼采康德之前要提的，還有巴克箂及休謨。而黑格爾之後則仍有馬克思。

(3)巴克箂以「存在即被感知」, 提出「感性」與世界的關係。

(4)史坦恩(1815生)

和諧社會定義(張道義譯,史坦恩著,國家學體系,p225-226)

4-1.柏拉圖強調的社會和諧是一種特定的社會狀態，此理念本身錯誤。

4-2.不存在絕對的正確，不存在社會和諧的終極現象。

4-3.人類沒有能力思考絕對的善(GUTE)。

4-4.社會和諧的真實特性乃: 社會變動本身是否和諧=各種決定社會發展力量的和諧。

4-5.社會和諧是:充滿無限可能的動態。

4-6.在社會變動中藉由「積極真愛die taetige Liebe」概念，最能實踐和諧的社會變動。

(5)馬克思(1818生)則在他結合了費爾巴克與黑格爾所說的, 而創造出一個「歷史唯物論」、「唯物辯證法」。此外，他的理論後來又成為了一個學派、傳統，變成了「社會學」的一個重要部分。而馬克思獨有的批判、人文精神，亦直接啟動了哲學中的「社會批評精神」，促成了後來出現的「法蘭克褔學派」。當然，馬克思的最大影響仍是「共產主義」。由理論到革命，算是哲學界別中最為罕見的人物。

(6)叔本華則稍後於黑格爾。他反對黑格爾所說的「絕對精神」, 而提出「(生命)權力意志」的想法。他的名著: 《意志與表象的世界》, 就是嘗把「意志」與「慾望」看成是世界發展的終極力量。(這和差不多同時期的達爾文在生物研究裡所提出的「進化論」，有些近似。)

(7)尼采。他除了仍像叔本華般，說了些「意志」與「慾望」外, 他還進一步提出了一個「超人學說」。尼采認為祇有「不斷進化、超越」的「超級人類」(擁有強大生存意志的人), 才可以成為最終的「生存者」。而尼采說「上帝已死」, 亦正式宣告了「神學」的死亡，及人需要作自我爭扎的時代正式開始。在尼采死後, 世界局勢開始大變, 哲學也就從「普遍發展」變成地方、民族化的「特殊取向」, 英美與歐陸兩大陣營正式分道揚標，而「近代哲學」亦在此劃上句號。

(8)邊沁Jeremy Bentham (1748～1832) 英國政治思想家﹑法學家﹑經濟學家﹐功利主義創始人。功利utility。功利主義的缺失:a)不尊重個人權利, Panopticon圓形監獄內的囚徒(BOT的獄政方案[正義p43]

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當代哲學(上): 存在主義當代哲學的特色之一是「哲學愈趨與民族特性結合」。比如說: 理智的英國人在當代哲學的貢獻是「語言、邏輯」、是「分析哲學」、是「科學哲學」。實用的美國人發展了具成效的「實用主義」。冷靜睿智的德國人提出了「現象學」。而浪漫的法國人則主導了「存在主義」及「解構」的學問等。而當代哲學的特色之二, 則是「專門化」、「技術化」。比如是: 「科學哲學」及「數理邏輯」等。這方面, 英美哲學界做的功夫十分明顯。說回「存在主義」。這是歐陸哲學在近代哲學之後的一個「人文」回歸。其中可能的關鍵點是: (1) 形而上學的東西, 已沒有什麼可以再說; (2) 由叔本華到尼采一段的發展, 被歸咎為是「引起第二次大戰的因由」之一; (3) 工業革命已漸趨成熟, 科學漸取代哲學。「存在主義」的主要課題是「人的存在意義為何?」及「人可以做些什麼?」而不再問「人的本質是什麼?」他們的名句: 「存在先於本質」就正說明了此點。「存在主義」的人物多不勝數, 可以說出的有提出「信心跳躍」的丹麥哲學家祈克果、反思存在與虛無的法國哲學家沙特，及同樣是來自法國，領悟人性的荒謬最深的文學家卡繆等。(沙特，法國， Jean-Paul Sartre，主體中心論代表，存在主義者，從主體性出發，無視於客觀因素把主體視為哲學思維的中心。) 而「存在主義」與前期其他哲學不同的地方是: 它幾乎存在於人文生活的各個層面，而不僅是局限於哲學界別之內。影響所及，就出現了所謂「存在主義」、「荒謬主義」等的文學、電影及人生觀。在這時期，馬克思的「社會批評」繼承者，仍然對資本主義社會作出批判。《單面人》、《尋找意義的人》乃至近年批判「全球化」現象的書等，都是當中的表表者

當代哲學(下): 分析哲學「方法學」一門學問, 則絕對是躲避不了。自康德在其《純粹理性的批判》內提出了「範疇學」後, 經羅素及維根斯坦等人的努力, 探討人類知性制限的學問, 已有長足的發展。而英美學界認為能「拆開語言的障礙、誤導」則所有哲學問題均可迎刃而解。而維根斯坦所提出的「語言遊戲」概念，則更是上一世紀哲學中的最巨大成果(?)。「定義」、「用詞」、「用句」，再到「語言邏輯結構」等的功夫, 是有助於哲學研究的進程，無可質疑。現在哲學要面對的問題仍然很多。從內部說, 它要釐清與其他學科(特別是科學)的關係。舉例說：最新「理論物理學」中的所謂「絃論」，就是由被稱為是「石破天驚」的哲學思維所促成的。但哲學與科學的分界線在那裡？從應用上說, 它要面對急劇變化的世界, 資訊多而價值混亂。怎樣的政治安排才理想？戰爭有所謂正義的嗎？真的有多贏的世界民族共存局面？公共援助的原意應該是怎樣的呢？誰有生存權利？是否應容許墮胎？婚姻合理嗎？生育有意義嗎？幾多歲才叫成熟？基因改造值得支持嗎？器官可以換嗎？為什麼要阻止安樂死？大哲維根斯基的一句名言。他說：凡要說的，就得去說清楚。了難以言全的地方，就當無言。

資料來源:

1.西方哲學簡史http://www.stephen-kg.com/1/freedownload/001.doc

2.史提反思工作坊 http://www.stephen-kg.com/。

3.麥可,桑德爾。正義:一場思辨之旅

4.張道義譯，史坦恩著，國家學體系：社會理論。聯經出版社。
5.wiki

2011.11.5 楊婉莉於KH

Taiwan Personal Information Protection Act

2011-01-15T21:39:00.000-08:00

Personal Information Protection Act
個人資料保護法 2010.05.26 Amended

Chapter I General Provisions

第一章總則
Article 1 　 Personal Information Protection Act（hereinafter “this Law”）is enacted to govern the collection, processing and use of personal information so as to prevent harm on personality rights, and to facilitate the proper use of personal information.

第 1 條
為規範個人資料之蒐集、處理及利用，以避免人格權受侵害，並促進個人資料之合理利用，特制定本法。

Article 2 　
The terms used herein denote the following meanings:
1. Personal information: the name, date of birth, I.D. Card number, passport number, characteristics, fingerprints, marital status, family, education, occupation, medical record, medical treatment, genetic information, sexual life, health examination, criminal record, contact information, financial conditions, social activities and other information which may be used to identify a natural person, both directly and indirectly;
2. Personal information file: A collection of personal information built to allow information retrieval and management by automatic or non-automatic measures;
3. Collection: To collect personal information in any form and way;
4. Processing: To record, input, store, compile, correct, duplicate, retrieve, delete, output, connect or internally transmit information for the purpose of establishing or using a personal information file;
5. Use: All methods of personal information use other than processing;
6. International transmission: The cross-border processing or use of personal information;
7. Government agency refers to a government agency or administrative juridical person at the central or local government level which is empowered to exercise sovereign power;
8. Non-government agency refers to the natural persons, juridical persons or groups other than those stated in the proceeding item;
9. The Party means an individual of whom the personal information has been collected, processed or used in accordance with this Law.

第 2 條
本法用詞，定義如下：
一、個人資料：指自然人之姓名、出生年月日、國民身分證統一編號、護照號碼、特徵、指紋、婚姻、家庭、教育、職業、病歷、醫療、基因、性生活、健康檢查、犯罪前科、聯絡方式、財務情況、社會活動及其他得以直接或間接方式識別該個人之資料。
二、個人資料檔案：指依系統建立而得以自動化機器或其他非自動化方式檢索、整理之個人資料之集合。
三、蒐集：指以任何方式取得個人資料。
四、處理：指為建立或利用個人資料檔案所為資料之記錄、輸入、儲存、編輯、更正、複製、檢索、刪除、輸出、連結或內部傳送。
五、利用：指將蒐集之個人資料為處理以外之使用。
六、國際傳輸：指將個人資料作跨國（境）之處理或利用。
七、公務機關：指依法行使公權力之中央或地方機關或行政法人。
八、非公務機關：指前款以外之自然人、法人或其他團體。
九、當事人：指個人資料之本人。

Article 3 　 The following rights should be exercised by the Party with regard to his personal information and should not be waived in advance or limited by a specific agreement:
1. any inquiry and request for a review of the personal information;
2. any request to make duplications of the personal information;
3. any request to supplement or correct the personal information;
4. any request to discontinue collection, processing or use of personal information; and
5. any request to delete the personal information.

第 3 條
當事人就其個人資料依本法規定行使之下列權利，不得預先拋棄或以特約限制之：
一、查詢或請求閱覽。
二、請求製給複製本。
三、請求補充或更正。
四、請求停止蒐集、處理或利用。
五、請求刪除。
Article 4 　
Whoever commissioned by a government agency or non-government agency to collect, process or use personal information should be considered the commissioning agency within the scope of this Law.
第 4 條受公務機關或非公務機關委託蒐集、處理或利用個人資料者，於本法適用範圍內，視同委託機關。

Article 5 　
The rights and interests of the Party should be respected in collecting, processing or using personal information and the information should be handled in accordance with the principle of bona fide. It should not go beyond the purpose of collection and should be reasonable and fair.

第 5 條
個人資料之蒐集、處理或利用，應尊重當事人之權益，依誠實及信用方法為之，不得逾越特定目的之必要範圍，並應與蒐集之目的具有正當合理之關聯。

Article 6 　
Personal information of medical treatment, genetic information, sexual life, health examination and criminal record should not be collected, processed or used. However, the following situations are not subject to the limits set in the preceding sentence:
1. when in accordance with law;
2. when it is necessary for the government agency to perform its duties or for the non- government agency to fulfill the legal obligation, and when there are proper security measures.
3. when the Party has disclosed such information by himself, or when the information concerned has been publicized legally;
4. when the personal information is collected, processed or used under certain methods by a government agency or an academic research institution based on the purpose of medical treatment, personal hygiene or crime prevention statistics and/or study.
The rules of the range, procedure and any other items to be followed concerning Item 4 of the preceding Paragraph should be set by the government authority in charge of subject industry at the central government level in conjunction with the Ministry of Justice.
第 6 條有關醫療、基因、性生活、健康檢查及犯罪前科之個人資料，不得蒐集、處理或利用。但有下列情形之一者，不在此限：
一、法律明文規定。
二、公務機關執行法定職務或非公務機關履行法定義務所必要，且有適當安全維護措施。
三、當事人自行公開或其他已合法公開之個人資料。
四、公務機關或學術研究機構基於醫療、衛生或犯罪預防之目的，為統計或學術研究而有必要，且經一定程序所為蒐集、處理或利用之個人資料。
前項第四款個人資料蒐集、處理或利用之範圍、程序及其他應遵行事項之辦法，由中央目的事業主管機關會同法務部定之。

Article 7 　
The written agreement mentioned in Item 2 of Article 15 and Item 5 of Article 19 means a written consent made by the Party after a notification given by the personal information collection based on this Law.
The written agreement mentioned in Item 7 of Article 16 and Item 6 of Paragraph 1 of Article 20 means a written consent made by the Party after having been notified by the collector of the influence to his rights there may be of other purpose of scope.
第 7 條
第15條第2款及第19條第5款所稱書面同意，指當事人經蒐集者告知本法所定應告知事項後，所為允許之書面意思表示。
第16條第7款、第20條第1項第6款所稱書面同意，指當事人經蒐集者明確告知特定目的外之其他利用目的、範圍及同意與否對其權益之影響後，單獨所為之書面意思表示。

Article 8 　
The following items should be told precisely to the Party by a government agency or non-government agency, in accordance with Article 15 or Article 19:
1. the name of the government agency or the non government agency;
2. purpose of collection;
3. classification of the personal information;
4. time period, area, target and way of the use of personal information;
5. rights of the Party and ways to exercise them as prescribed in Article 3;
6. the influence on his rights and interests while the Party chooses not to provide his personal information;

The following situations may be exempted from the notice prescribed in the preceding Paragraph:
1. when in accordance with law;
2. when the collection of personal information is necessary for the government agency to perform its official duties or the non government agency to fulfill the legal obligation;
3. when the notice will impair the government agency in performing its official duties;
4. when the notice will impair the interests of a third person;.
5. when the Party should have known the content of the notification already.

第 8 條
公務機關或非公務機關依第15條或第19條規定向當事人蒐集個人資料時，應明確告知當事人下列事項：
一、公務機關或非公務機關名稱。
二、蒐集之目的。
三、個人資料之類別。
四、個人資料利用之期間、地區、對象及方式。
五、當事人依第三條規定得行使之權利及方式。
六、當事人得自由選擇提供個人資料時，不提供將對其權益之影響。
有下列情形之一者，得免為前項之告知：
一、依法律規定得免告知。
二、個人資料之蒐集係公務機關執行法定職務或非公務機關履行法定義務所必要。
三、告知將妨害公務機關執行法定職務。
四、告知將妨害第三人之重大利益。
五、當事人明知應告知之內容。

Article 9 　 A government agency or non-government agency should notify the Party of the source of information and Item 1 to 5 of Paragraph 1 of the preceding Article, before processing or using personal information collected in accordance with Article 15 or 19 which was not provided by the Party.
The notification mentioned in the preceding Paragraph may not be given for the followings:
1. Under one of the situations listed in Paragraph 2 of the preceding Article;
2. When the Party has disclosed such information by himself or when the information has been publicized legally;
3. When the notification may not be made to the Party or his legal representative;
4. When it is necessary for public interests on statistics or the purpose of academic research. The information may not be used to identify a certain person after a treatment of the provider or the disclosure of the collector;
5. Personal information collected by the mass media for the purpose of news reporting on the basis of public interests;
The notification mentioned in Paragraph 1 may be undertaken when the personal information is used against the Party for the first time.
第 9 條公務機關或非公務機關依第十五條或第十九條規定蒐集非由當事人提供之個人資料，應於處理或利用前，向當事人告知個人資料來源及前條第一項第一款至第五款所列事項。
有下列情形之一者，得免為前項之告知：
一、有前條第二項所列各款情形之一。
二、當事人自行公開或其他已合法公開之個人資料。
三、不能向當事人或其法定代理人為告知。
四、基於公共利益為統計或學術研究之目的而有必要，且該資料須經提供者處理後或蒐集者依其揭露方式，無從識別特定當事人者為限。
五、大眾傳播業者基於新聞報導之公益目的而蒐集個人資料。
第一項之告知，得於首次對當事人為利用時併同為之。

Article 10 　
Upon the request of the Party, the government agency or non-government agency should reply to the inquiry, offer for a review or provide duplications on the personal information collected, except the followings:
1. when the national security, diplomatic and military secrets, the macro-economic interests or other major national interests may be harmed;
2. when the performance of official duties may be interfered with; and
3. when the major interests of the collecting agency or a third person may be affected.
第 10 條
公務機關或非公務機關應依當事人之請求，就其蒐集之個人資料，答覆查詢、提供閱覽或製給複製本。但有下列情形之一者，不在此限：
一、妨害國家安全、外交及軍事機密、整體經濟利益或其他國家重大利益。
二、妨害公務機關執行法定職務。
三、妨害該蒐集機關或第三人之重大利益。

Article 11 　
The government agency or the non government agency should ensure the accuracy of personal information, and correct or supplement it, ex officio or upon the request of the Party.
In the event of a dispute regarding the accuracy of personal information, the agency should discontinue processing or using the information, ex officio or upon the request of the Party. However, the preceding sentence may not be applicable when it is necessary for the performance of an official duty or fulfillment of a legal obligation and has been recorded, or when it is agreed by the Party in writing.
The information collected should be deleted, discontinued to process or use, ex officio or upon the request of the Party when the specific purpose no longer exists or time period expires. However, the preceding sentence may not be applicable when it is necessary for the performance of an official duty or fulfillment of a legal obligation and has been recorded, or when it is agreed by the Party in writing.
The information collected should be deleted, discontinued to process or use, ex officio or upon the request of the Party in the cases where a violation of this Law occurred during collecting, processing or using that information.
In the cases where the government agency or the non-government agency should be attributed to of not correcting or supplementing personal information, persons to whom the personal information was provided should be notified after correction or supplement.
第 11 條
公務機關或非公務機關應維護個人資料之正確，並應主動或依當事人之請求更正或補充之。
個人資料正確性有爭議者，應主動或依當事人之請求停止處理或利用。但因執行職務或業務所必須並註明其爭議或經當事人書面同意者，不在此限。
個人資料蒐集之特定目的消失或期限屆滿時，應主動或依當事人之請求，刪除、停止處理或利用該個人資料。但因執行職務或業務所必須或經當事人書面同意者，不在此限。
違反本法規定蒐集、處理或利用個人資料者，應主動或依當事人之請求，刪除、停止蒐集、處理或利用該個人資料。
因可歸責於公務機關或非公務機關之事由，未為更正或補充之個人資料，應於更正或補充後，通知曾提供利用之對象。

Article 12 　
When the personal information is stolen, disclosed, altered or infringed in other ways due to the violation of this Law, the government agency or non-government agency should notify the Party after an inspection.
第 12 條公務機關或非公務機關違反本法規定，致個人資料被竊取、洩漏、竄改或其他侵害者，應查明後以適當方式通知當事人。

Article 13 　
Where a request is made by the Party to the government agency or the non-government agency pursuant to Article 10, it should be determined within fifteen days. It may be extended to a time period of no longer than fifteen days when necessary and the Party should be notified of that in writing.
Where a request is made by the Party to the government agency or the non-government agency pursuant to Article 11, it should be determined within thirty days. It may be extended to a time period of no longer than thirty days when necessary and the Party should be notified of that in writing.
第 13 條公務機關或非公務機關受理當事人依第十條規定之請求，應於十五日內，為准駁之決定；必要時，得予延長，延長之期間不得逾十五日，並應將其原因以書面通知請求人。
公務機關或非公務機關受理當事人依第十一條規定之請求，應於三十日內，為准駁之決定；必要時，得予延長，延長之期間不得逾三十日，並應將其原因以書面通知請求人。

Article 14 　
The government agency or the non government agency may charge a fee to those who make an inquiry or request to review, or make duplications of the personal information.
第 14 條查詢或請求閱覽個人資料或製給複製本者，公務機關或非公務機關得酌收必要成本費用。

第二章公務機關對個人資料之蒐集、處理及利用

Chapter II Information Collection, Processing and Use by a Government Agency

Article 15 　
Except the information stated in Paragraph 1 of Article 6, the government agency should not collect or process personal information unless there is a specific purpose and should comply with one of the following conditions:
1. it is within the scope of job functions provided by laws and regulations;
2. a written consent has been made by the Party; and
3. the rights and interests of the Party may not be harmed.

Article 16 　
Except the information stated in Paragraph 1 of Article 6, the government agency should use the personal information in accordance with the scope of its job functions provided by laws and regulations, and in compliance with the specific purpose of collection. However, the information may be used outside the scope upon the occurrence of one of the following conditions:
1. Where in accordance with law;
2. Where it is for national security or to promote public interests;
3. Where it is to prevent harm on the life, body, freedom or property of the Party;
4. Where it is to prevent harm on the rights and interests of other people;
5. Where it is necessary for public interests on statistics or the purpose of academic research conducted by a government agency or an academic research institution, respectively. The information may not lead to the identification of a certain person after the treatment of the provider or the disclosure of the collector;
6. Where such use may benefit the Party; and
7. A written consent of the Party has been obtained.

Article 17 　
The government agency may publicize the following items on the Internet or by other proper means for inquiries; the above provisions are applicable to amendment thereof:
1. name of personal information file;
2. name of the government agency keeping the personal information file and its contact information;
3. basis and purpose of keeping the file;
4. classification of personal information.

Article 18 　
The government agency which keeps personal information files should assign personnel(s) on security and maintenance of those files to prevent them from being stolen, altered, damaged, destroyed or disclosed.
第 15 條
公務機關對個人資料之蒐集或處理，除第六條第一項所規定資料外，應有特定目的，並符合下列情形之一者：
一、執行法定職務必要範圍內。
二、經當事人書面同意。
三、對當事人權益無侵害。

第 16 條公務機關對個人資料之利用，除第六條第一項所規定資料外，應於執行法定職務必要範圍內為之，並與蒐集之特定目的相符。但有下列情形之一者，得為特定目的外之利用：
一、法律明文規定。
二、為維護國家安全或增進公共利益。
三、為免除當事人之生命、身體、自由或財產上之危險。
四、為防止他人權益之重大危害。
五、公務機關或學術研究機構基於公共利益為統計或學術研究而有必要，且資料經過提供者處理後或蒐集者依其揭露方式無從識別特定之當事人。
六、有利於當事人權益。
七、經當事人書面同意。

第 17 條公務機關應將下列事項公開於電腦網站，或以其他適當方式供公眾查閱；其有變更者，亦同：
一、個人資料檔案名稱。
二、保有機關名稱及聯絡方式。
三、個人資料檔案保有之依據及特定目的。
四、個人資料之類別。

第 18 條公務機關保有個人資料檔案者，應指定專人辦理安全維護事項，防止個人資料被竊取、竄改、毀損、滅失或洩漏。
--------------------------------------

Chapter III Information Collection, Processing and Use by a Non-government Agency

Article 19 　
Except the information stated in Paragraph 1 of Article 6, the non-government agency should not collect or process personal information unless there is a specific purpose and should comply with one of the following conditions:
1. Where in accordance with law;
2. Where there is a contract or quasi-contract between the Party and the agency;
3. Where the Party has disclosed such information by himself or when the information has been publicized legally;
4. Where it is necessary for public interests on statistics or the purpose of academic research conducted by a research institution. The information may not lead to the identification of a certain person after the treatment of the provider or the disclosure of the collector;
5. Where a written consent has been made by the Party;
6. Where the public interest is involved; and
7. Where the personal information is obtained from publicly available resources. However, it is exempted if the information is limited by the Party on the processing or use and the interests of the Party should be protected.
By the time when the collector or processor realizes or has been notified of the provision in Item 7 of the preceding Paragraph by the Party, he should delete, stop processing or using the personal information, ex officio or upon the request of the Party.

Article 20 　
Except the information stated in Paragraph 1 of Article 6, the non-government agency should use the personal information in accordance with the scope of the specific purpose of collection provided. However, the information may be used outside the scope upon the occurrence of one of the following conditions:
1. Where in accordance with law;
2. Where it is to promote public interests;
3. Where it is to prevent harm on the life, body, freedom or property of the Party;
4. Where it is to prevent harm on the rights and interests of other people;
5. Where it is necessary for public interests on statistics or the purpose of academic research conducted by a government agency or an academic research institution, respectively. The information may not lead to the identification of a certain person after the treatment of the provider or the disclosure of the collector;
6. Where a written consent of the Party has been obtained.
When the non-government agency uses the personal information for the purpose of marketing pursuant to the preceding Paragraph and has been turned down by the Party, the agency should stop its action.
The non-government agency should notify the Party the measures of refusal at the first marketing action and should pay for fees necessary.

Article 21 　
If one of the followings has occurred when the non-government agency transmits personal information internationally, the government authority in charge of subject industry may limit its action:
1. Where it involves major national interests;
2. Where national treaty or agreement specifies otherwise;
3. Where the country receiving personal information lacks of proper regulations towards the protection of personal information and it might harm the rights and interests of the Party:
4. Where international transmission of personal information is made through an indirect method in which the provisions of this Law may not be applicable.

Article 22 　
The government authority in charge of subject industry at the central government level, municipality directly under the central government, or county or city government may perform an inspection by its staff workers who carry badges, if it is necessary for the protection of personal information, the disposal after termination of business, the limitation of international transmission, other routine examinations, or if this Law may be violated. Those who perform the inspection should illustrate the action, take necessary measures and provide relating documents.
When the government authority in charge of subject industry at the central government level, municipality directly under the central government, or county or city government conducts such an inspection as stipulated in the preceding Paragraph, may detain or duplicate the personal information or its files which may be confiscated or may be served as evidence. The owner, holder or keeper of those objects should offer them upon request. A compulsory enforcement that might harm the rights of the non-government agency the least may be applied to refusals without proper reasons.
When the government authority in charge of subject industry at the central government level, municipality directly under the central government, or county or city government conducts the inspection stipulated in Paragraph 1 of this Article, the professional of information technology, telecommunications or law may be accompanied.
The non-government agency and its personnel should not evade, obstruct or refuse the entering, inspection or measures adopted which are stipulated in Paragraph 1 and 2 of this Article.
All the personnel who take part in the inspection should fulfill the obligation of confidentiality for the information obtained during the job-undertaking.

Article 23 　
The objects detained or duplicated in accordance with Paragraph 2 of the preceding Article should be sealed or tagged, and properly located. Those may not be carried or kept may be guarded by a designated personnel, or be kept by the owner or suitable persons. If it is no more necessary to keep the detained or duplicated objects, or when a punishment is not applied or a confiscation is not applied, those objects should be returned. However, it does not apply to objects that should be confiscated or kept for other cases.

Article 24 　
The non-government agency, owner, holder, keeper or interested persons of those detained or duplicated objects may raise an objection to the government authority in charge of subject industry at the central government level, municipality directly under the central government, or county or city government for the demand, compulsory enforcement, detention, or duplication mentioned in the preceding two Articles.
For the objection mentioned in the preceding Paragraph, the government authority in charge of subject industry at the central government level, municipality directly under the central government or county or city government should stop or alter such acts immediately, when it is considered reasonable. Otherwise, it may continue such acts. Upon the request of the person who raises the objection, the competent government authority should issue a record of reasons towards the objection.
The objection against the decision of the government authority in charge of subject industry at the central government level, municipality directly under the central government, or county or city government in the preceding Paragraph may only be raised jointly with the objection against the decision of the case. However, people who may not raise an objection against the decision of the case as regulated in Paragraph 1 of this Article may bring an administrative litigation against the action mentioned in the same Paragraph.

Article 25 　
For the non-government agency that violates the provisions of this Law, one of the following actions may be ordered jointly with a fine as regulated by the government authority in charge of subject industry at the central government level, municipality directly under the central government, or county or city government:
1. to forbid the collecting, processing or use of the personal information;
2. to demand the deletion of the personal information files already processed;
3. to confiscate or to destroy the personal information illegally collected;
4. to publicize the violation case, the name of the non-government agency, and the name of the person in charge.
The decisions mentioned in the preceding Paragraph should be done by the measures that may harm the non-government agency the least and should be within the range set in this Law.

Article 26 　
After performing the inspection mentioned in Article 22, the government authority in charge of subject industry at the central government level, municipality directly under the central government, or county or city government may publicize the result of that after the consent of the non-government agency, if there is no violation found.

Article 27 　
The non-government agency which keeps personal information files should adopt proper security measures to prevent them from being stolen, altered, damaged, destroyed or disclosed.
The government authority in charge of subject industry at the central government level may designate a non-government agency for setting up the plan of security measures for the personal information file or the disposal measures for the personal information after termination of business.
The rules of the fore-mentioned plan and processing methods should be set up by the government authority in charge of subject industry at the central government level.
第三章非公務機關對個人資料之蒐集、處理及利用
第 19 條非公務機關對個人資料之蒐集或處理，除第六條第一項所規定資料外，應有特定目的，並符合下列情形之一者：
一、法律明文規定。
二、與當事人有契約或類似契約之關係。
三、當事人自行公開或其他已合法公開之個人資料。
四、學術研究機構基於公共利益為統計或學術研究而有必要，且資料經過提供者處理後或蒐集者依其揭露方式無從識別特定之當事人。
五、經當事人書面同意。
六、與公共利益有關。
七、個人資料取自於一般可得之來源。但當事人對該資料之禁止處理或利用，顯有更值得保護之重大利益者，不在此限。
蒐集或處理者知悉或經當事人通知依前項第七款但書規定禁止對該資料之處理或利用時，應主動或依當事人之請求，刪除、停止處理或利用該個人資料。

第 20 條非公務機關對個人資料之利用，除第六條第一項所規定資料外，應於蒐集之特定目的必要範圍內為之。但有下列情形之一者，得為特定目的外之利用：
一、法律明文規定。
二、為增進公共利益。
三、為免除當事人之生命、身體、自由或財產上之危險。
四、為防止他人權益之重大危害。
五、公務機關或學術研究機構基於公共利益為統計或學術研究而有必要，且資料經過提供者處理後或蒐集者依其揭露方式無從識別特定之當事人。
六、經當事人書面同意。
非公務機關依前項規定利用個人資料行銷者，當事人表示拒絕接受行銷時，應即停止利用其個人資料行銷。
非公務機關於首次行銷時，應提供當事人表示拒絕接受行銷之方式，並支付所需費用。

第 21 條非公務機關為國際傳輸個人資料，而有下列情形之一者，中央目的事業主管機關得限制之：
一、涉及國家重大利益。
二、國際條約或協定有特別規定。
三、接受國對於個人資料之保護未有完善之法規，致有損當事人權益之虞。
四、以迂迴方法向第三國（地區）傳輸個人資料規避本法。

第 22 條
中央目的事業主管機關或直轄市、縣（市）政府為執行資料檔案安全維護、業務終止資料處理方法、國際傳輸限制或其他例行性業務檢查而認有必要或有違反本法規定之虞時，得派員攜帶執行職務證明文件，進入檢查，並得命相關人員為必要之說明、配合措施或提供相關證明資料。
中央目的事業主管機關或直轄市、縣（市）政府為前項檢查時，對於得沒入或可為證據之個人資料或其檔案，得扣留或複製之。對於應扣留或複製之物，得要求其所有人、持有人或保管人提出或交付；無正當理由拒絕提出、交付或抗拒扣留或複製者，得採取對該非公務機關權益損害最少之方法強制為之。

中央目的事業主管機關或直轄市、縣（市）政府為第一項檢查時，得率同資訊、電信或法律等專業人員共同為之。
對於第一項及第二項之進入、檢查或處分，非公務機關及其相關人員不得規避、妨礙或拒絕。
參與檢查之人員，因檢查而知悉他人資料者，負保密義務。

第 23 條
對於前條第二項扣留物或複製物，應加封緘或其他標識，並為適當之處置；其不便搬運或保管者，得命人看守或交由所有人或其他適當之人保管。
扣留物或複製物已無留存之必要，或決定不予處罰或未為沒入之裁處者，應發還之。但應沒入或為調查他案應留存者，不在此限。

第 24 條
非公務機關、物之所有人、持有人、保管人或利害關係人對前二條之要求、強制、扣留或複製行為不服者，得向中央目的事業主管機關或直轄市、縣（市）政府聲明異議。
前項聲明異議，中央目的事業主管機關或直轄市、縣（市）政府認為有理由者，應立即停止或變更其行為；認為無理由者，得繼續執行。經該聲明異議之人請求時，應將聲明異議之理由製作紀錄交付之。
對於中央目的事業主管機關或直轄市、縣（市）政府前項決定不服者，僅得於對該案件之實體決定聲明不服時一併聲明之。但第一項之人依法不得對該案件之實體決定聲明不服時，得單獨對第一項之行為逕行提起行政訴訟。

第 25 條非公務機關有違反本法規定之情事者，中央目的事業主管機關或直轄市、縣（市）政府除依本法規定裁處罰鍰外，並得為下列處分：
一、禁止蒐集、處理或利用個人資料。
二、命令刪除經處理之個人資料檔案。
三、沒入或命銷燬違法蒐集之個人資料。
四、公布非公務機關之違法情形，及其姓名或名稱與負責人。
中央目的事業主管機關或直轄市、縣（市）政府為前項處分時，應於防制違反本法規定情事之必要範圍內，採取對該非公務機關權益損害最少之方法為之。

第 26 條中央目的事業主管機關或直轄市、縣（市）政府依第二十二條規定檢查後，未發現有違反本法規定之情事者，經該非公務機關同意後，得公布檢查結果。

第 27 條
非公務機關保有個人資料檔案者，應採行適當之安全措施，防止個人資料被竊取、竄改、毀損、滅失或洩漏。
中央目的事業主管機關得指定非公務機關訂定個人資料檔案安全維護計畫或業務終止後個人資料處理方法。
前項計畫及處理方法之標準等相關事項之辦法，由中央目的事業主管機關定之。
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Chapter IV Damages and Class Litigation

Article 28 　
A government agency should be liable for damages and compensation caused by illegal collection, processing and using of personal information, or other ways of infringement on the rights of the Party due to violation of this Law. However, it does not apply to damages caused by natural disaster, incident or other force majeure.
A proper amount of monetary compensation may be requested for damage not to properties. A proper rehabilitation action may be requested upon infringement to reputation.
The total amount of compensation for the damages referred to in the two preceding Paragraphs shall be no less than NT$500 but no more than NT$20,000 for each case of damages per person in the cases where the victims in the two preceding Paragraphs may not or cannot provide evidence for actual damage amount.
With regard to damages caused to multi parties by the same cause and fact, the total amount of compensation should not exceed NT$200 million. However, if the interests involved are over the amount in the preceding sentence, the amount of interests should be set as the limit.
If the total amount of damage caused by the same cause and fact exceeds the amount mentioned in the preceding Paragraph, the compensation amount to the victim should not be limited by the baseline（NT$500）set in Paragraph 3 of this Article.
The right of claim referred to in the second Paragraph above should not be transferred or inherited. However, it does not apply to the situation where the monetary compensation has been undertaken according to an agreement or the case has been brought to the court.

Article 29 　
A non-government agency should be liable for damages and compensation caused by illegal collection, processing and using of personal information, or other ways of infringement on the rights of the Party due to violation of this Law. However, it does not apply to the situation where the non-government agency can be proved to be unintentional or non-negligent.
The provisions of Paragraphs 2 to 6 of the preceding Article are applicable to claims for damages made in accordance with the provisions of the preceding Paragraph.

Article 30 　
The right to claim for damage compensation will be terminated two years since the claimant has been aware of the damages and the person(s) who is liable for the compensation, or five years since the date the damage actually occurred.

Article 31 　
Aside from the provisions of this Law, the provisions of the State Compensation Law may be applied to a government agency, while the Civil Code may be applied to a non-government agency.

Article 32 　
A business juridical person or a charitable juridical person that brings a case to the court in accordance with this Chapter should fulfill the following conditions:
1. The total registered assets of a business juridical person should reach NT$10 million or more, or the total number of members of a charitable juridical person should be 100 or more;
2. The protection of personal information is set in its charter;
3. It has been established for more than 3 years after its approval.

Article 33 　
The litigation brought to the court against a government agency in accordance with this Law should be subject to the exclusive jurisdiction of the district court where the agency is located. The litigation against a non-government agency is subject to the exclusive jurisdiction of the district court where its headquarters, main office of operation or domicile is located.
If the non-government agency in the preceding Paragraph is natural person and has no place of domicile in the Republic of China, or where it is unknown, his place of residence in the Republic of China shall be deemed to be the place of domicile. Where he has no place of residence in the Republic of China or where it is unknown, his last place of domicile in the Republic of China shall be deemed to be the place of domicile. Where he has no last place of domicile, the district court where the central government is located shall have exclusive jurisdiction.
If the non-government agency mentioned in the first Paragraph is a juridical person or a group and has no headquarters, main office of operation, or unknown for both, the district court where the central government is located shall have exclusive jurisdiction.

Article 34 　
For cases caused by the same cause and fact and there are multi Parties infringed, the business juridical person or charitable juridical person may bring a lawsuit to the court by its own name, after obtaining a written authorization of litigation rights of 20 or more Parties. The Parties may withdraw their authorization by writing before the closure of the oral debate and the court should be notified of it.
For the litigation in accordance with the preceding Paragraph, the court may publicize it to other parties that may have been infringed, upon request of ex officio that those Parties may authorize their litigation rights to the business juridical person or charitable juridical person in the preceding Paragraph within a specified period. The business juridical person or charitable juridical person may expand its claim before the closure of the oral debate.
Other parties that haven been infringed by the same cause and fact that choose not to follow the rule in the preceding Paragraph may bring the case to the court with the specified period for the court to combine the cases.
Other Parties that have been infringed by the same cause and fact may apply to the court the announcement of the preceding Paragraph.
The announcement of the two preceding Paragraph may be publicized on the bulletin of the court, on the Internet or other proper location. Should the court considers it necessary, it may be posted on the communiques or newspaper and the fees should be paid by the National Treasury.
For the business juridical person or charitable juridical association that brings a case to the court in accordance with Paragraph 1 and the target amount exceeds NT$600,000, the exceeding portion should be waived of court fees.

Article 35 　
The court proceedings should be discontinued partly if the Party withdraws his authorization of litigation right according to the first Paragraph of the preceding Article. The Party should resume the proceeding or the court may request the Party to do so, ex officio.
For the case where more than one Party withdraws his litigation right after the business juridical person or charitable juridical person has brought the case to the court in accordance with the preceding Article, the remaining part of court proceedings may be continued, even when there are fewer than 20 Parties remained.

Article 36 　
The extinctive prescription for the right to claim for damage compensation for each Party in accordance with Paragraph 1 and 2 of Article 34 should be calculated separately.

Article 37 　
The business juridical person or charitable juridical person should act as the representative of litigation right authorized by the Party. However, the Party may set a limit on abandonment, withdrawal or reconciliation.
The limit set by one of the Parties in the preceding Paragraph should not be applicable to other Parties.
The limit mentioned in Paragraph 1 of this Article should be illustrated in the documents mentioned in the first Paragraph of Article 34 or should be brought to the court in writing.

Article 38 　
In the event the Party is object to the decision pursuant to Article 34, he may withdraw the authorization given to the business juridical person or charitable juridical person before the expiration of the period of an appeal and then file an appeal himself.
After receiving the decision document, the business juridical person or charitable juridical person should notify the Party of the outcome and also notify the Party in writing within 7 days as to whether or not an appeal should be file.

Article 39 　
The business juridical person or charitable juridical person should deduct necessary litigation fees from the compensation received in accordance with the result of the case in Article 34 and deliver the remaining amount to the authorizing Parties.
The business juridical person or charitable juridical person should not ask for remuneration for the lawsuit which brought out in accordance with Paragraph 1 of Article 34.

Article 40 　
The business juridical person or charitable juridical person should authorize its litigation right to an attorney while bringing out a lawsuit to the court in accordance with the provisions of this Chapter.
第四章損害賠償及團體訴訟
第 28 條公務機關違反本法規定，致個人資料遭不法蒐集、處理、利用或其他侵害
當事人權利者，負損害賠償責任。但損害因天災、事變或其他不可抗力所
致者，不在此限。
被害人雖非財產上之損害，亦得請求賠償相當之金額；其名譽被侵害者，
並得請求為回復名譽之適當處分。
依前二項情形，如被害人不易或不能證明其實際損害額時，得請求法院依
侵害情節，以每人每一事件新臺幣五百元以上二萬元以下計算。
對於同一原因事實造成多數當事人權利受侵害之事件，經當事人請求損害
賠償者，其合計最高總額以新臺幣二億元為限。但因該原因事實所涉利益
超過新臺幣二億元者，以該所涉利益為限。
同一原因事實造成之損害總額逾前項金額時，被害人所受賠償金額，不受
第三項所定每人每一事件最低賠償金額新臺幣五百元之限制。
第二項請求權，不得讓與或繼承。但以金額賠償之請求權已依契約承諾或
已起訴者，不在此限。

第 29 條非公務機關違反本法規定，致個人資料遭不法蒐集、處理、利用或其他侵
害當事人權利者，負損害賠償責任。但能證明其無故意或過失者，不在此
限。
依前項規定請求賠償者，適用前條第二項至第六項規定。

第 30 條損害賠償請求權，自請求權人知有損害及賠償義務人時起，因二年間不行
使而消滅；自損害發生時起，逾五年者，亦同。

第 31 條損害賠償，除依本法規定外，公務機關適用國家賠償法之規定，非公務機
關適用民法之規定。

第 32 條依本章規定提起訴訟之財團法人或公益社團法人，應符合下列要件：
一、財團法人之登記財產總額達新臺幣一千萬元或社團法人之社員人數達
一百人。
二、保護個人資料事項於其章程所定目的範圍內。
三、許可設立三年以上。

第 33 條依本法規定對於公務機關提起損害賠償訴訟者，專屬該機關所在地之地方
法院管轄。對於非公務機關提起者，專屬其主事務所、主營業所或住所地
之地方法院管轄。
前項非公務機關為自然人，而其在中華民國現無住所或住所不明者，以其
在中華民國之居所，視為其住所；無居所或居所不明者，以其在中華民國
最後之住所，視為其住所；無最後住所者，專屬中央政府所在地之地方法
院管轄。
第一項非公務機關為自然人以外之法人或其他團體，而其在中華民國現無
主事務所、主營業所或主事務所、主營業所不明者，專屬中央政府所在地
之地方法院管轄。

第 34 條對於同一原因事實造成多數當事人權利受侵害之事件，財團法人或公益社
團法人經受有損害之當事人二十人以上以書面授與訴訟實施權者，得以自
己之名義，提起損害賠償訴訟。當事人得於言詞辯論終結前以書面撤回訴
訟實施權之授與，並通知法院。
前項訴訟，法院得依聲請或依職權公告曉示其他因同一原因事實受有損害
之當事人，得於一定期間內向前項起訴之財團法人或公益社團法人授與訴
訟實施權，由該財團法人或公益社團法人於第一審言詞辯論終結前，擴張
應受判決事項之聲明。
其他因同一原因事實受有損害之當事人未依前項規定授與訴訟實施權者，
亦得於法院公告曉示之一定期間內起訴，由法院併案審理。
其他因同一原因事實受有損害之當事人，亦得聲請法院為前項之公告。
前二項公告，應揭示於法院公告處、資訊網路及其他適當處所；法院認為
必要時，並得命登載於公報或新聞紙，或用其他方法公告之，其費用由國
庫墊付。
依第一項規定提起訴訟之財團法人或公益社團法人，其標的價額超過新臺
幣六十萬元者，超過部分暫免徵裁判費。

第 35 條當事人依前條第一項規定撤回訴訟實施權之授與者，該部分訴訟程序當然
停止，該當事人應即聲明承受訴訟，法院亦得依職權命該當事人承受訴訟
。
財團法人或公益社團法人依前條規定起訴後，因部分當事人撤回訴訟實施
權之授與，致其餘部分不足二十人者，仍得就其餘部分繼續進行訴訟。

第 36 條各當事人於第三十四條第一項及第二項之損害賠償請求權，其時效應分別
計算。

第 37 條財團法人或公益社團法人就當事人授與訴訟實施權之事件，有為一切訴訟
行為之權。但當事人得限制其為捨棄、撤回或和解。
前項當事人中一人所為之限制，其效力不及於其他當事人。
第一項之限制，應於第三十四條第一項之文書內表明，或以書狀提出於法
院。

第 38 條當事人對於第三十四條訴訟之判決不服者，得於財團法人或公益社團法人
上訴期間屆滿前，撤回訴訟實施權之授與，依法提起上訴。
財團法人或公益社團法人於收受判決書正本後，應即將其結果通知當事人
，並應於七日內將是否提起上訴之意旨以書面通知當事人。

第 39 條
財團法人或公益社團法人應將第三十四條訴訟結果所得之賠償，扣除訴訟必要費用後，分別交付授與訴訟實施權之當事人。
提起第三十四條第一項訴訟之財團法人或公益社團法人，均不得請求報酬。
第 40 條依本章規定提起訴訟之財團法人或公益社團法人，應委任律師代理訴訟。
----------------------------------------------------
chapter V Penalties

Article 41 　
A violation to Paragraph 1 of Article 6, Articles 15, 16, 17, 19 and Paragraph 1 of Article 20, or an order or disciplinary action of the limitation on international transmission made by the government authority in charge of subject industry at the central government level in accordance with Article 21 which may harm other people’s rights should be imposed of a sentence or custody of no more than 2 years, or a fine of no more than NT$200,000, or both.
A person who intends to commit the crime in the preceding Paragraph should be imposed of a sentence of no more than 5 years and a fine of no more than NT$1,000,000.

Article 42 　
A person who intends to make unlawful profits for himself or for a third party, or intends to infringe upon the interests of others by illegally changing or deleting personal information files, or by other illegal means and has impeded the accuracy of other people’s personal information files and caused damages to others should be imposed of an imprisonment or custody of no more than 5 years, or a fine of no more than NT$1,000,000, or both.

Article 43 　
The above two Articles may be applicable to a citizen of the Republic of China who commits those crimes to citizens of the Republic of China outside the territory of the Country.

Article 44 　
A government official who takes advantage of his position, or opportunity or means available to him to commit the offenses prescribed in this Chapter should be subject to punishments half as severe as those enumerated above.

Article 45 　
The offenses referred to in this Chapter should be instituted only upon a complaint. However, the commission of the crime provided for pursuant to Paragraph 2 of Article 41, or the crime against the government agency pursuant to Article 42 is excluded from that.

Article 46 　
In the event where a more severe punishment is provided for in other laws with respect to the offenses outlined in this Chapter, the more severe one should be applied.

Article 47 　
Upon occurrence of any of the followings, the government authority in charge of subject industry at the central government level, municipality directly under the central government, or county or city government should impose an administrative fine of no less than NT$50,000 but no more than NT$500,000 on the non-government agency and should order the said agency to take corrective measures within a specified time period. In the event when the agency fails to do so, a fine should be imposed each time the violation occurs:
1. a violation of the provisions of Paragraph 1 of Article 6;
2. a violation of the provisions of Article 19;
3. a violation of the provisions of Paragraph 1 of Article 20; and
4. a violation of the order of the limitation on international transmission imposed by the government authority in charge of subject industry at the central government level concerning the restriction of international transmission of personal information in accordance with the provisions of Article 21.

Article 48 　
Upon occurrence of any of the following, the government authority in charge of subject industry at the central government level, municipality directly under the central government, or county or city government should order the non-government agency to take corrective measures within a specified time period. If they are not taken within that period, an administrative fine of no less than NT$20,000 but no more than NT$200,000 should be imposed upon the agency each time a violation of any of the followings occurs:
1. A violation of the provisions of Article 8 or Article 9;
2. A violation of the provisions of Article 10, Article 11, Article 12 or Article 13 hereinabove;
3. A violation of the provisions of Paragraph 2 or Paragraph 3 of Article 20 hereinabove;
4. A violation of the provisions of Paragraph 1 of Article 27 or a failure to set up a security and maintenance plan for personal information file or a disposal measure for the personal information after termination of business in accordance with Paragraph 2 of Article 27.

Article 49 　
A non-government agency violates the provisions of Paragraph 4 of Article 22 without proper reasons should be imposed of an administrative fine of no less than NT$20,000 by the government authority in charge of subject industry at the central government level, municipality directly under the central government, or county or city government.

Article 50 　
The main representative, manager or other representative of a non-government agency who should be imposed of an administrative fine due to the violation of the preceding three Articles of the agency should be subject to the same amount of the fine, unless the obligation of the representative has been proved to be fulfilled.
第五章罰則
第 41 條違反第六條第一項、第十五條、第十六條、第十九條、第二十條第一項規
定，或中央目的事業主管機關依第二十一條限制國際傳輸之命令或處分，
足生損害於他人者，處二年以下有期徒刑、拘役或科或併科新臺幣二十萬
元以下罰金。
意圖營利犯前項之罪者，處五年以下有期徒刑，得併科新臺幣一百萬元以
下罰金。

第 42 條意圖為自己或第三人不法之利益或損害他人之利益，而對於個人資料檔案
為非法變更、刪除或以其他非法方法，致妨害個人資料檔案之正確而足生
損害於他人者，處五年以下有期徒刑、拘役或科或併科新臺幣一百萬元以
下罰金。

第 43 條中華民國人民在中華民國領域外對中華民國人民犯前二條之罪者，亦適用
之。

第 44 條公務員假借職務上之權力、機會或方法，犯本章之罪者，加重其刑至二分
之一。

第 45 條本章之罪，須告訴乃論。但犯第四十一條第二項之罪者，或對公務機關犯
第四十二條之罪者，不在此限。

第 46 條犯本章之罪，其他法律有較重處罰規定者，從其規定。

第 47 條非公務機關有下列情事之一者，由中央目的事業主管機關或直轄市、縣（
市）政府處新臺幣五萬元以上五十萬元以下罰鍰，並令限期改正，屆期未
改正者，按次處罰之：
一、違反第六條第一項規定。
二、違反第十九條規定。
三、違反第二十條第一項規定。
四、違反中央目的事業主管機關依第二十一條規定限制國際傳輸之命令或
處分。

第 48 條非公務機關有下列情事之一者，由中央目的事業主管機關或直轄市、縣（
市）政府限期改正，屆期未改正者，按次處新臺幣二萬元以上二十萬元以
下罰鍰：
一、違反第八條或第九條規定。
二、違反第十條、第十一條、第十二條或第十三條規定。
三、違反第二十條第二項或第三項規定。
四、違反第二十七條第一項或未依第二項訂定個人資料檔案安全維護計畫
或業務終止後個人資料處理方法。

第 49 條非公務機關無正當理由違反第二十二條第四項規定者，由中央目的事業主
管機關或直轄市、縣（市）政府處新臺幣二萬元以上二十萬元以下罰鍰。

第 50 條非公務機關之代表人、管理人或其他有代表權人，因該非公務機關依前三
條規定受罰鍰處罰時，除能證明已盡防止義務者外，應並受同一額度罰鍰
之處罰。

--------------------------------------
Chapter VI Supplementary Provisions

Article 51 　 The provisions of this Law are not applicable to the following situations:
1. When an individual who collects, processes or uses personal information in the course of personal activity of a domestic nature; and
2. if the audio-visual information is collected, processed or used in public places or public activities and not associated with the other personal information.
The provisions of this Law are applicable to the government agency and the non-government agency, when they collect, process or use the personal information of the citizens of the Republic of China outside the territory of the Republic of China.

Article 52 　 The competencies prescribed to the government authority in charge of subject industry at the central government level, municipality directly under the central government, or county or city government may be appointed to the subordinate agencies, other agencies or charitable groups. The personnel of such agencies should fulfill the obligation of confidentiality for all the information obtained during the job-undertaking.
The charitable groups prescribed in the preceding Paragraph should not be authorized by the Party in accordance with Paragraph 1 of Article 34 for litigation rights and should proceed to the action for damages in its own name.

Article 53 　 The specific purpose and the classification of personal information stipulated in this Law should be prescribed by the Ministry of Justice in conjunction with the government authority in charge of subject industry at the central government level.

Article 54 　 For the personal information which is not provided by the Party before the amendment of this Law and is subject to a notice to the Party prior to processing or use in accordance with Article 9, the personal information controller should fulfill its notice duty within one year after the effective date of this Law Amendment. Any processing or use of the personal information without notification in the overdue period of time is regarded as violation of Article 9.

Article 55 　 The Enforcement Rule of this Act shall be prescribed by the Ministry of Justice.

Article 56 　 The date for enforcement of this Act shall be set by the Executive Yuan.
The deletion of Articles 19 to 22 and Article 43 in the old Act becomes effective since the date of promulgation.
Until the date of promulgation in the preceding Paragraph, the enterprises, groups or individuals designated in Paragraph 2 of Article 43 in the old Act who are required to process registration or special permit within six months after the designated date, may apply for termination of process; the government authority in charge of subject industry shall refund the fees that have already been paid upon termination of process. Those who have completed the process may also apply for the refund of fees that have already been paid.
For the fees that have already been paid, it shall be refunded together with the total daily interest from the date of payment by the obligor to the date of termination of process set by the government authority in charge of subject industry based on the fixed annual interest rate for a one-year time deposit announced by the Directorate General of the Postal Remittances and Savings Bank on the beginning date of payment. The same is applicable to the fee refund situation of the above-mentioned completion of process, thereto the fees shall be refunded from the date of payment by the obligor to the date when the government authority in charge of subject industry approves such application.
第六章附則
第 51 條有下列情形之一者，不適用本法規定：
一、自然人為單純個人或家庭活動之目的，而蒐集、處理或利用個人資料
。
二、於公開場所或公開活動中所蒐集、處理或利用之未與其他個人資料結
合之影音資料。
公務機關及非公務機關，在中華民國領域外對中華民國人民個人資料蒐集
、處理或利用者，亦適用本法。

第 52 條第二十二條至第二十六條規定由中央目的事業主管機關或直轄市、縣（市
）政府執行之權限，得委任所屬機關、委託其他機關或公益團體辦理；其
成員因執行委任或委託事務所知悉之資訊，負保密義務。
前項之公益團體，不得依第三十四條第一項規定接受當事人授與訴訟實施
權，以自己之名義提起損害賠償訴訟。

第 53 條本法所定特定目的及個人資料類別，由法務部會同中央目的事業主管機關
指定之。

第 54 條本法修正施行前非由當事人提供之個人資料，依第九條規定應於處理或利
用前向當事人為告知者，應自本法修正施行之日起一年內完成告知，逾期
未告知而處理或利用者，以違反第九條規定論處。

第 55 條本法施行細則，由法務部定之。

第 56 條本法施行日期，由行政院定之。
現行條文第十九條至第二十二條及第四十三條之刪除，自公布日施行。
前項公布日於現行條文第四十三條第二項指定之事業、團體或個人應於指
定之日起六個月內辦理登記或許可之期間內者，該指定之事業、團體或個
人得申請終止辦理，目的事業主管機關於終止辦理時，應退還已繳規費。
已辦理完成者，亦得申請退費。
前項退費，應自繳費義務人繳納之日起，至目的事業主管機關終止辦理之
日止，按退費額，依繳費之日郵政儲金之一年期定期存款利率，按日加計
利息，一併退還。已辦理完成者，其退費，應自繳費義務人繳納之日起，
至目的事業主管機關核准申請之日止，亦同。

-------------------------------------------

reference:
http://law.moj.gov.tw/Eng/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?PCode=I0050021

2011.1.16
at Mosa

Generator Research

2010-12-11T18:27:00.000-08:00

Generator Research

My specific question is what will happen to an old generator after a new one is built? Are there any laws that regulate the management of the old generator? For example, will the old generator belong to your government at some point, for example, after the expiration of a contract between the government and a private company? Or will the government destroy it? Or will the government use the old generator's area for other purposes?

Regulations
There are many types of generators, such as wind power generator, ele generator or regular diesel generator. Thus, hundreds of regulations related with this issue. I just post some regulations for your reference.

( 1 )The Electricity Act 電業法
(check article 6 )
http://law.moj.gov.tw/Eng/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?PCode=J0030011

(2)Regulations for Repair Station Certification and Management
(check article 8)
http://law.moj.gov.tw/Eng/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?PCode=K0090011

(3)航空產品與其各項裝備及零組件適航檢定管理規則
Regulations Governing the Certification for Aviation Products, Appliances and Parts

http://law.moj.gov.tw/Eng/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?PCode=K0090037

(4)廢棄物清理法 Waste Disposal Act
(check article 9)
http://law.moj.gov.tw/Eng/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?PCode=O0050001

(5)有害事業廢棄物認定標準
Standards for Defining Hazardous Industrial Waste
(check article 4)
http://law.moj.gov.tw/Eng/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?PCode=O0050023

(6)應回收廢棄物責任業者管理辦法
Responsible Enterprise Regulated Recyclable Waste Management Regulations
http://law.moj.gov.tw/Eng/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?PCode=O0050062

By Wan-Li Yang
2010.12.12

writing clearly

2010-11-22T01:17:00.000-08:00

同位語
（1）Two dogs, Aand and B, ran into the lobby of the hotel.
（2）Only three people — a real estate agent, B and C — attended hte Chamber of Commerce Mixer.
（3）Last Christmas, Helen visited only one person : her father.

nuit 15:介係詞
time:
in February, in 1999 , in the morning
on Monday, on June 1
at 8:00 AM

place
in (city, county) in Tainan, in Taiwan
on (street) on First Street
at (address; a specific place) at 43 canner street, at school, at university, at home, at the store,
in (inside of a place) in the library (lab)

position
on (on top of ) on the desk, on the bed
in (inside) in my room, in my desk, in the car

其他
3 reasons to, object to
a big influence on me, to concentrate on the content, insist on,
forgive you for +Ving,

seek [X for], seek informaiton about....
後面不加介係詞的動詞: seek, emphasize,interview

Using Gender-inclusive terms
(1)sculptor(sculptress)、flight attendant(stewardess)、representatives(Congressmen) Congresspersons、chairperson、Letter carriers、business executives、business owner(businessmen)、metorologists(weathermen)、fire fighter(fireman)、humankind(mankind)、they(he/she)。

Making Language Choices
(H) insupportable、preposterous、(M) incredible 、ludicrous、groundless、absurd、silly、false(S)crazt、 loony、bull

Choosing Words for their connotation

J is ambitious. vs. J is pushy.
J is tough-minded. vs J is ruthless.
J is foresighted. vs. J is calculating.
J is firm. vs J is stubborn.

Simile and Metaphor
A).Simile
(1) Boston is like Philadelphia; it lives on its past.
(2) After the mole devoured its prey, it sank into the earth as a submarine sinks into the water. -Konard z. Lorenz, adapted
(3) as if
B.)Metaphor
An angrey man is a raging bull.
Every muscle in my body ached and cried for mercy.

片語
complain to (a person)
complain about (a thing)
superior to
inferior to

Avoiding Jargon, pretentious words, and ehphemisms
technical terms, can do so--
She fractured her tibia (shinbone) in three places.

Avoiding Wordiness 方法
underline the most important words, check agian

Avoid starting sentences with phrases such as there is and it is; however, there are can be used with good effect to open a list-structure paragraph.

Turn nouns into verbs
ex. The crew had an encounter with emergency.
ex. The crew encountered an emergency.

Get rid of adjective clauses like who are, which was and that had been

replace prepositional phrases with single words
ex. She spoke in regard to water pollution.
ex. She spoke about ..

Avoid the verb to be in sentences

avoid the fact that

note:

reference:
標籤：英文簡報技巧
http://wanliyang.blogspot.com/search/label/%E8%8B%B1%E6%96%87%E7%B0%A1%E5%A0%B1%E6%8A%80%E5%B7%A7
writing clearly
Sample Paper
英文演講
英語會議腳本
英文簡報技巧 2 How to conclue a PowerPoint presentation
英文簡報技巧

Sample Paper

2010-11-21T16:39:00.000-08:00

Sample Paper ---check list
1.Introduction
（1）summary
2.Unity
（1）each paprgrahp has a clear and sepcific topic sentence
3.Support
（1）each point is accurately and fully explained.
4. Coherene
（1）Are transitions used between paragraphs?
5. References to the Text
（1）correct quotation
（2）Do they reflect the writer's points qccurately?
6. Sentence Structure
7.Mechanics, Grammar, and Spelling
8. Overall Ranking of the Essay

Summary
ex1.
1. In his article,"The...," Oian explans that S+V. ....
(1). In the article "The..." Norman argues that.....
According to her, S+V.
(2). In "The..." Norman suggests that S+V. He states that ...

2. In his first point, Oian speaks.....
3. In the next section of his article, Oian show that....
4. Next, Oian moves into the idea that....
5. Oian's final point helps summarize the article by showing that...
6. In conculsion, Oian points out that...
(1). Finally, she concludes by making a plea. She hopes that...

ex2.
According to Norman in his article, "The...," S+V. He thinks.... He certainly makes us think about our appearance.
One factor he uses as a basis for that opinion is ...
He goes on to say that his purpose is not to make a case for the return to Vicorian decorum, but rather to examine bad dress, manners, speech, and human releationships. He hopes...
In conclusion, Norman says that..

reference
標籤：英文簡報技巧
http://wanliyang.blogspot.com/search/label/%E8%8B%B1%E6%96%87%E7%B0%A1%E5%A0%B1%E6%8A%80%E5%B7%A7
writing clearly
Sample Paper
英文演講
英語會議腳本
英文簡報技巧 2 How to conclue a PowerPoint presentation
英文簡報技巧

英文演講

2010-11-06T02:35:00.000-07:00

[I. Opening Remarks]
1) Thank you very much, Prof. Ohlander, for your very kind introduction. Mr. Chairman, Ladies and gentleman, Good morning! I consider it a great honor to be asked to speak about …on this session of our symposium.

2) Ladies and gentleman. It’s an honor to have the opportunity to address such a distinguished audience.

3) Good morning. Let me start by saying just a few words about my own background.

4) Good morning, everyone. I appreciate the opportunity to be with you today. I am here to talk to you about…

5) Good morning, everyone. I am very happy to have this chance to give my presentation. Before I start my speech, let me ask you a question. By a show of hands, how many of you own a cell phone?

Expressing thanks to the Chairperson

Mr. Chairman, thank you for your introduction.

First, I would like to thank Mr. Chairman for his gracious introduction.

Thank you very much, Prof. Ohlander, for your very kind introduction.

I would like to thank Dr. Huang for permitting me the privilege to speak to this audience.

Forms of Address and Greetings
Distinguished colleagues, Ladies and gentleman, Good morning!

Members of the conference!

Others
Can you hear me all right?

Is my voice too loud?

Reference to the Audience

I can see many of you are from …department.

I know many of you are familiar with this topic.

You all look as though you’ve heard this before.

I understand that you’ve all traveled a long way./ After hours of conference, you must feel a little tired. Now I’d like you to see an interesting topic…

[II. Introducing the Subject and the outline of the Presentation]

[Background Information]

I would like to start by briefly reviewing the history of legal system.

Let us start with the theoretical basis of this new technique.

To begin with, we have to consider the principle.

I think it would be best to start out by looking at a few slides.

I should like to preface my remarks with a de script ion of the basic idea.

May I begin with a general outline of this project?

The first thing I would like to talk about is the definition of the terms I shall use in my lecture.

The first point I'd like to make is the historical background of the invention.

First, I shall explain to you why this new program is correct and feasible.

[Topic]

I would like to concentrate on the problem of domestic abuse in Taiwan.

I shall devote my talk to the surgical treatment of coronary disease.

I want to confine my talk to the latest developments in civil engineering.

Today, I am going to give a talk on the application of computers in medicine.

My topic today will deal with the observation of supernova.

In my presentation this morning, I'll limit myself to three major points only.

I take the liberty of restricting my discussion mainly to highway bridge construction.

Now, I would like to address myself to the most important aspect of this problem.

Among the many languages, I shall mention only BASIC.

What I am going to present today is the methodology and the data analysis.

I'm not going to say much about that except to discuss the literature on that topic.

[Outlining ]

My talk today consists of two parts. One is... and the other is...

I've divided my presentation into four parts.

I shall first talk about ... and then touch on... and finally discuss ...

The subject can be looked at under the following headings: ... (Pointing to the PowerPoint display)

I would like to divide my talk into two parts. The first part deals with…, the second part concerns ...

My presentation will be given in four parts. The first part deals with ... The second part relates to... The third part concerns ... And the last part discusses…

[Purpose/Objective]

The purpose of this presentation is to...

This talk is designed to…

[Correcting the Title of the Presentation]

First of all, I would like to mention that the title of my presentation should be ...

Please allow me to correct a mistake in the title of my speech which appeared in the program. Instead of... it should read...

[Reading. Another Person's Paper]-
Sometimes you are selected to read another person's paper, as he or she is absent.

I shall read a paper by Dr. Li from Guangzhou, china, who regrets that he could not be here. The title of his paper is...

I'm going to read the paper by Dr. Yang. It's a great pity that, because of a health problem, he could not be here.

I was asked by the author to read his paper. He apologizes for not being able to come here.

The next speaker, Prof. Yang, regrets that she could not be here and has submitted her paper to me. I am not sure if I can present it as well as she expected.

I am not sure whether I'll be able to be very confident in answering specific questions. However, I am somewhat familiar with his work, so I' ll try my best.

[Checking the Microphone]

First I want to check if all of you can hear me clearly.

Am I speaking clearly and loudly enough for those in the rear of the room?

I wonder if those in the rear of the room can hear me.

If those in the rear of the room can hear me, would someone please raise his hand?

Can you hear me clearly?

Can you hear me if I am away from the microphone?

Is the microphone working?

* Summary-How to Prepare a Good Introduction

Realize file great importance of the introduction of file presentation mad then do your best in delivering it.

Don' t make file introduction either too wordy, or too brief. Usually, it covers 10 to 15 percent of your entire speech.

Select tile ways to capture the audience attention.

Indicate tile topic.

Outline your Speech.

Announce your purpose.

Prepare several versions of tile introduction, compare them, and then select the best version. Finally, learn it by heart so as to be able to deliver it easily mid fluently.

Don't start your speech with apologies.

Pay attention to your body language.

[Shifting to the Next Main Point]

Well, let's move on to the next point.

We will now come to the second problem.

Turning to the next question, I'll talk about the stages of the procedure.

As the second topic, I shall stop here. Now let' s turn our attention to the third topic.

So much for the methodology of our experiment. I would now like to shift to the discussion of the results.

Now, let's move away from the first part and switch over to the next part of my presentation.

That's all for the introduction and now we can go on to the literature review.

Next, I would like to turn to a more difficult problem.

The next point I'd like to talk about is the feasibility of this project.

That brings me to my second point.

I am glad that we can now leave this rather boring subject of mathematic deduction and go into a more attractive one, that is the application of the formula.

[ Resuming the Topic ]

Let' s come back to what I said in the first part of my speech.

Getting back to the subject of the problem of theoretical considerations we can find that...

I want to return to the first part of my presentation.

Now, to get back to the effect of temperature, you may be aware that the problems have been solved.

This brings me back to the question of security.

At this point I would like to refer again to the question of methods in the first part of my lecture.

Referring again to the first question, I think...

Referring to the Coming Point

I'll deal with it later.

I' 11 touch upon that point in a moment.

I shall tell you in detail shortly.

[ Introducing the Supporting Materials ]

I think this part is the most difficult, so I'll explain it in greater detail.

I think this part of my paper is most important, so I plan to spend more time on it.

Please allow me to deal with this matter more extensively.

Being the most important part of my presentation, I will elaborate on it with more slides.

I' 11 expand this topic with drawings and figures.

Indicating the Points Briefly

Limited by the time available, I can only give you a very brief account of this matter.

I don't think that I should describe the methods in detail, because they are included in the handout.

I will not go into detail on it.

This point has been talked about repeatedly in this symposium, so I am not going to spend too much time on it.

Let's go through the following points very rapidly.

I just want to outline for you what I experienced in using this new drug.

I shall not go over all these explanations. My time is running short. So I'll be brief.

It is sufficient to say that these experiments were poorly designed and without controls.

[Repairing a Slip of Tone]

The first of such experiments began in 2000, rather than 1999.

May I have the lights, I mean the slides.

The temperature increased, I shall say decreased.

The population is 13 million, sorry, 31 million.

The exchange rate dropped from 2.5 to 1.8, I beg your pardon, 1.9.

As you can see from the first row, excuse me, the second row, that the output increased two fold.

[ Expressions Concerning Audio-Visual Aids]

Could we have the lights off? And the first slide, please.

Lights off, first slide, please.

Dim the lights, and first slide, please.

The slide is not so clear. Please darken the room a little more.

Could you please turn on the lights, please?

Now, we can have the lights on.

Please switch on the lights.

Lights on, please.

I apologize that this slide is not so clear, but I hope you can still make out the general idea.

Sorry for the small print.

I'm sorry we left a figure out here.

[ Explaining the Contents on the Slides ]

This slide demonstrates ...

On this slide, you can see...

This curve in this slide shows...

This figure in this slide exhibits...

This table on this slide presents...

This diagram on this slide depicts...

This chart on this slide displaces ...

The picture on this slide shows ...

The photomicrograph on this slide shows ...

The flow-chart on this slide points out...

The circuit diagram on this slide represents~...~

Indicating the Sources of the Content in a

This figure is taken from.., by Dr. Li.

This diagram is after that of Prof. Yang with some modification

[ Demanding to Show the Next Slide ]

May I proceed to the next slide, please?

I think we can move on to the next slide.

Let me show you the next slide.

Now, we can go on to the next slide. '

Next slide, please.

reference
標籤：英文簡報技巧
http://wanliyang.blogspot.com/search/label/%E8%8B%B1%E6%96%87%E7%B0%A1%E5%A0%B1%E6%8A%80%E5%B7%A7
writing clearly
Sample Paper
英文演講
英語會議腳本
英文簡報技巧 2 How to conclue a PowerPoint presentation
英文簡報技巧

Chapter 21 Offenses of Gambling

2010-10-16T03:45:00.000-07:00

Chapter 21 Offenses of Gambling

Article 266
A person who gambles in a public place or a place open to the public shall be punished with a fine of not more than one thousand yuan unless the item for which he gambles is one to provide temporary amusement.
Gambling apparatus at the site or a thing of value found at the gambling table or place for exchange of gambling tokens shall be forfeitedconfiscated whether or not it belongs to the offender.

Article 267
(Deleted)

Article 268
A person who for the purposepurpose of gain furnishes a place to gamble or assembles person to gamble shall be punished with fixed-term imprisonment for not more than three years; in addition thereto, a fine of not more than three thousand yuan may be imposed.

Article 269
A person who for the purposepurpose of gain operates a prize-giving savings business or issues lottery tickets without permission of the government shall be punished with fixed-term imprisonment for not more than one year or detentionshort-term imprisonment; in addition thereto, a fine of not more than three thousand yuan may be imposed.
An agent who acts as an intermediary in a prize-giving savings business or in the sale of lottery tickets as specified in the preceding paragraph shall be punished with fixed-term imprisonment for not more than six months or detentionshort-term imprisonment; in lieu thereof, or in addition thereto, a fine of not more than one thousand yuan may be imposed.

Article 270
A public official who harbors a person who commits an offense specified in this Chapter shall be subject to the punishment prescribed for such an offense by increasing it up to one half.

http://wanliyang.blogspot.com/2009/10/blog-post.html
2010.10.17
BY Wan-Li Yang

Chpater 22 Offenses of Homicide

2010-10-16T03:43:00.000-07:00

Chapter 22
Offenses of Homicide
Article 271
A person who causes the death of another human being shall be punished with death or life imprisonment or fixed-term imprisonment for not less than ten years.
An attempt to commit an offense specified in the preceding paragraph is punishable.
A person who prepares to commit an offense specified in paragraph 1 shall be punished with fixed-term imprisonment for not more than two years.

Article 272
A person who causes the death of his lineal blood ascendant shall be punished with death or life imprisonment.
An attempt to commit an offense specified in the preceding paragraph is punishable.
A person who prepares to commit an offense specified in paragraph 1 shall be punished with fixed-term imprisonment for not more than three years.

Article 273
A person who acted in the heat of passion caused by legally sufficient provocation thereupon causes the death of another shall be punished with fixed-term imprisonment for not more than seven years.
An attempt to commit an offense specified in the preceding paragraph is punishable.

Article 274
A mother who causes the death of her child at the time of or immediately after its birth shall be punished with fixed-term imprisonment for not less than six months but not more than five years.
An attempt to commit an offense specified in the preceding paragraph is punishable.

Article 275
A person who solicits or aids another to commit suicide or who causes the death of another upon his request or with his consent shall be punished with fixed-term imprisonment for not less than one year but not more than seven years.
An attempt to commit an offense specified in the preceding paragraph is punishable.
If two or more persons agree to die together and commit an offense specified in paragraph 1, the punishment may be remitted.

Article 276
A person who negligently causes the death of another shall be punished with fixed-term imprisonment for not more than two years, short-term imprisonment, or a fine of not more than two thousand yuan.
A person who in the performance of his occupation commits an offense specified in the preceding paragraph by neglecting the degree of care required by such occupation shall be punished with fixed-term imprisonment for not more than five years or short-term imprisonment; in addition thereto, a fine of not more than three thousand yuan may be imposed.

Chapter 23 Offenses of Causing Injury

2010-10-16T03:42:00.001-07:00

Chapter 23 Offenses of Causing Injury

Article 277
A person who causes injury to another shall be punished with fixed-term imprisonment for not more than three years, short-term imprisonment, or a fine of not more than one thousand yuan.
If death results from the commission of an offense specified in the preceding paragraph, the offender shall be punished with life imprisonment or fixed-term imprisonment for not less than seven years; if aggravated injury results, the offender shall be punished with fixed-term imprisonment for not less than three years but not more than ten years.

Article 278
A person who causes aggravated injury to another shall be punished with fixed-term imprisonment for not less than five years but not more than twelve years.
If death results from the commission of an offense specified in the preceding paragraph, the offender shall be punished with life imprisonment or fixed-term imprisonment for not less than seven years.
An attempt to commit an offense specified in paragraph 1 is punishable.

Article 279
A person who acted in the heat of passion caused by legally sufficient provocation thereupon commits an offense specified in one of the two preceding articles shall be punished with fixed-term imprisonment for not more than two years, short-term imprisonment, or a fine of not more than one thousand yuan; if death results from the commission of such an offense, he shall be punished with fixed-term imprisonment for not more than five years.

Article 280
A person who commits an offense specified in Article 277 or 278 against his lineal blood ascendant shall be subject to the punishment prescribed for such an offense by increasing it up to one half.

Article 281
A person who commits an act of assault or battery against his lineal blood ascendant without causing him an injury shall be punished with fixed-term imprisonment for not more than one year, short-term imprisonment, or a fine of not more than five hundred yuan.

Article 282
A person who solicits or aids another to cause aggravated injury to himself or who causes aggravated injury to another upon his request or with his consent shall be punished with fixed-term imprisonment for not less than three years; if death results from the commission of such offense, he shall be punished for fixed-term imprisonment for not less than six months but not more than five years.

Article 283
A person not acting in proper self-defense who participates in an affray which results in death or aggravated injury shall be punished with fixed-term imprisonment for not more than three years; a person who actually causes such injury shall be punished in accordance with the provisions of articles relating to offenses of causing injury.

Article 284
A person who negligently causes injury to another shall be punished with fixed-term imprisonment for not more than six months, short-term imprisonment, or a fine of not more than five hundred yuan; if aggravated injury results, he shall be punished with fixed-term imprisonment for not more than one year, short-term imprisonment, or a fine of not more than five hundred yuan.
A person in the performance of his occupation causes injury to another by neglecting the degree of care required by such occupation shall be punished with fixed-term imprisonment for not more than one year, short-term imprisonment or a fine of not more than one thousand yuan; if aggravated injury results, he shall be punished with fixed-term imprisonment for not more than one year, short-term imprisonment, or a fine of not more than two thousand yuan.

Article 285
A person who knows that he has a venereal disease or leprosy conceals such a fact to commit an obscene act or have sexual intercourse with another and causes such other to be infected shall be punished with fixed-term imprisonment for not more than one year, short-term imprisonment, or a fine of not more than five hundred yuan.

Article 286
A person who maltreats a male or female who is under the age of sixteen or who by other means impairs the natural development of the body of such a male or female shall be punished with fixed-term imprisonment for not more than five years, short-term imprisonment, or a fine of not more than five hundred yuan.
A person who for purpose of gain commits an offense specified in the preceding paragraph shall be punished with fixed-term imprisonment for not less than five years; in addition thereto, a fine of not more than one thousand yuan may be imposed.

Article 287
Prosecution for an offense specified in paragraph 1 of Article 277, Article 281, 284, or 285 may be instituted only upon complaint except the offense specified in paragraph 1 of Article 277 committed by a public official.

Chapter 25 Offense of Abandonment

2010-10-16T03:37:00.000-07:00

Chapter 25 Offenses of Abandonment

Article 293
A person who abandons a helpless person shall be punished with fixed-term imprisonment for not more than six months, short-term imprisonment, or a fine of not more than one hundred yuan.
If the commission of the offense results in death, the offender shall be punished with fixed-term imprisonment for not more than five years; if aggravated injury results, the offender shall be punished with fixed-term imprisonment for not more than three years.

Article 294
If a person who by law, order, or contract has duty to support or protect a helpless person abandons him or does not give him support or protection necessary to preserve his life, the person shall be punished by fixed-term imprisonment for not less than six months but not more than five years.
If the commission of the offense results in death, the offender shall be punished with life imprisonment or fixed-term imprisonment for not less than seven years; if aggravated injury results, the offender shall be punished with fixed-term imprisonment for not less than three years but not more than ten years.

Article 295
A person who commits an offense specified in the preceding article against his lineal blood ascendant shall be subject to the punishment prescribed for such an offense by increasing it up to one half.

Chapter 26 Offenses Against Freedom

2010-10-16T03:31:00.000-07:00

Chapter 26
Offenses Against Freedom

Article 296
A person who enslaves another or places another in a position as not free as a slave shall be punished with fixed-term imprisonment for not less than one year but not more than seven years.

Article 296-1
A person who trades in or mortgages humans shall be punished with fixed-term imprisonment for not less than five years and, in addition thereto, a fine of not more than five hundred thousand yuan may be imposed.
A person who for purpose to make a person to engage in sexual intercourse or to make an obscene act commits the offense specified in the preceding paragraph shall be punished with fixed-term imprisonment for less than seven years and, in addition thereto, a fine of not more than five hundred thousand yuan may be imposed.
A person who through the use of violence, threats, intimidation, controls, drugs, hypnosis or another means commit an offense specified in the two preceding paragraphs shall be punished with a punishment by increasing it up to one half.
A person who arranges, accepts, conceals a traded or mortgaged person specified in the three preceding paragraphs or to cause him to conceal shall be punished with fixed-term imprisonment for not less than one year but not more than seven years, in addition thereto, a fine of not more than three hundred thousand yuan may be imposed.
A public official who harbors a person who commits an offense specified in the four preceding paragraphs shall be punished with the punishment prescribed in the relating paragraph by increasing it by one half.
An attempt to commit an offense specified in paragraphs 1 to 3 is punishable.

Article 297
A person who for purpose of gain fraudulently causes another to leave the territory of the Republic of China shall be punished with fixed-term imprisonment for not less than three years but not more than ten year and, in addition thereto, a fine of not more than three hundred thousand yuan may be imposed.
An attempt to commit an offense specified in the previous paragraph is punishable.
Article 298
A person who forcibly abducts a female person for purpose that she marry him or another shall be punished with fixed-term imprisonment for not more than five years.
A person who forcibly abducts a female for purpose of gain or for purpose to cause her to commit an obscene act or submit to sexual intercourse shall be punished with fixed-term imprisonment for not less than one year but not more than seven years; in addition thereto, a fine of not more than one thousand yuan may be imposed.
An attempt to commit an offense specified in one of the two preceding paragraphs is punishable.

Article 299
A person who transports a forcibly abducted person specified in the preceding article beyond the territory of the Republic of China shall be punished with fixed-term imprisonment for not less than five years.
An attempt to commit an offense specified in the preceding paragraph is punishable

Article 300
A person who accepts, conceals or causes to be concealed a forcibly abducted person for purpose of gain or for purpose that such an abducted person commit an obscene act or have sexual intercourse shall be punished with fixed-term imprisonment for not less than six months but not more than five yeas; in addition thereto, a fine of not more than five hundred yuan may be imposed.
An attempt to commit an offense specified in the preceding paragraph is punishable.

Article 301
A person who commits an offense specified in one of the articles, 298 through 300, and who returns the abducted person or reveals the location of the person resulting in his recovery before a judgment has been pronounced may have his punishment reduced.

Article 302
A person who without authority takes another into custody or by other illegal means deprives him of his freedom of movement shall be punished with fixed-term imprisonment for not more than five years, short-term imprisonment, or a fine of not more than three hundred yuan.
If death results from the commission of the offense, the offender shall be punished with life imprisonment or fixed-term imprisonment for not less than seven years; if aggravated injury results, the offender shall be punished with fixed-term imprisonment for not less than three years but not more than ten years.
An attempt to commit an offense specified in paragraph 1 is punishable.

Article 303
A person who commits an offense specified in paragraph 1 or 2 of the preceding article against his lineal blood ascendant shall be subject to the punishment prescribed for such an offense by increasing it up to one half.

Article 304
A person who by violence or threats causes another to do a thing which he has no obligation to do or who prevents another from doing a thing that he has the right to do shall be punished with fixed-term imprisonment for not more than three years, short-term imprisonment, or a fine or not more than three hundred yuan.
An attempt to commit an offense specified in the preceding paragraph is punishable.

Article 305
A person who threatens to cause injury to the life, body, freedom, reputation, or property of another and thereby endangers his safety shall be punished with fixed-term imprisonment for not more than two years, short-term imprisonment, or a fine of not more than three hundred yuan.

Article 306
A person who without reason enters a dwelling house or structure of another, the adjacent or surrounding grounds, or a vessel belonging to another shall be punished with fixed-term imprisonment for not more than one year, short-term imprisonment, or a fine of not more than three hundred yuan.
A person who without reason conceals himself in the property specified in the preceding paragraph or refuses to leave upon request shall be subject to the same punishment.

Article 307
A person who searches a person, dwelling house, structure, vessel, carriage or aircraft of another contrary to law or order shall be punished with fixed-term imprisonment for not more than two years, short-term imprisonment, or a fine of not more than three hundred yuan.

Article 308
Prosecution for an offense specified in one of the articles, 298 through 306, may be instituted only upon complaint.
If the offense is one specified in paragraph 1 of Article 298, a complaint may not be made contrary to the will of the abducted person.

第二六章妨害自由罪
第 296 條使人為奴隸或使人居於類似奴隸之不自由地位者，處一年以上七年以下有
期徒刑。
前項之未遂犯罰之。

第 296-1 條買賣、質押人口者，處五年以上有期徒刑，得併科五十萬元以下罰金。
意圖使人為性交或猥褻之行為而犯前項之罪者，處七年以上有期徒刑，得
併科五十萬元以下罰金。
以強暴、脅迫、恐嚇、監控、藥劑、催眠術或其他違反本人意願之方法犯
前二項之罪者，加重其刑至二分之一。
媒介、收受、藏匿前三項被買賣、質押之人或使之隱避者，處一年以上七
年以下有期徒刑，得併科三十萬元以下罰金。
公務員包庇他人犯前四項之罪者，依各該項之規定加重其刑至二分之一。
第一項至第三項之未遂犯罰之。

第 297 條意圖營利，以詐術使人出中華民國領域外者，處三年以上十年以下有期徒
刑，得併科三十萬元以下罰金。
前項之未遂犯罰之。

第 298 條意圖使婦女與自己或他人結婚而略誘之者，處五年以下有期徒刑。
意圖營利、或意圖使婦女為猥褻之行為或性交而略誘之者，處一年以上七
年以下有期徒刑，得併科一千元以下罰金。
前二項之未遂犯罰之。

第 299 條移送前條被略誘人出中華民國領域外者，處五年以上有期徒刑。
前項之未遂犯罰之。

第 300 條意圖營利，或意圖使被略誘人為猥褻之行為或性交，而收受、藏匿被略誘
人或使之隱避者，處六月以上五年以下有期徒刑，得併科五百元以下罰金
。
前項之未遂犯罰之。

第 301 條犯第二百九十八條至第三百條之罪，於裁判宣告前，送回被誘人或指明所
在地因而尋獲者，得減輕其刑。

第 302 條私行拘禁或以其他非法方法，剝奪人之行動自由者，處五年以下有期徒刑
、拘役或三百元以下罰金。
因而致人於死者，處無期徒刑或七年以上有期徒刑，致重傷者，處三年以
上十年以下有期徒刑。
第一項之未遂犯罰之。

第 303 條對於直系血親尊親屬犯前條第一項或第二項之罪者，加重其刑至二分之一
。

第 304 條以強暴、脅迫使人行無義務之事或妨害人行使權利者，處三年以下有期徒
刑、拘役或三百元以下罰金。
前項之未遂犯罰之。

第 305 條以加害生命、身體、自由、名譽、財產之事，恐嚇他人致生危害於安全者
，處二年以下有期徒刑、拘役或三百元以下罰金。

第 306 條無故侵入他人住宅、建築物或附連圍繞之土地或船艦者，處一年以下有期
徒刑、拘役或三百元以下罰金。
無故隱匿其內，或受退去之要求而仍留滯者，亦同。

第 307 條不依法令搜索他人身體、住宅、建築物、舟、車或航空機者，處二年以下
有期徒刑、拘役或三百元以下罰金。

第 308 條第二百九十八條及第三百零六條之罪，須告訴乃論。
第二百九十八條第一項之罪，其告訴以不違反被略誘人之意思為限。

chapter 24

2010-10-12T05:53:00.000-07:00

中華民國刑法
Chapter 24
Offenses of Abortion

Article 288
A pregnant woman who by taking drugs or by other means causes her abortion shall be punished with fixed-term imprisonment for not more than six months, detentionshort-term imprisonment, or a fine of not more than one hundred yuan.
A pregnant woman who permits another to cause her abortion shall be subject to same punishment.
If the commission of an offense specified in one of the two preceding paragraphs is necessary because of sickness or for averting an aversion of danger to life, the punishment shall be remitted.

Article 289
A person who at the request or with the consent of a pregnant woman causes her abortion shall be punished with fixed-term imprisonment for not more than two years.
If the commission of the offense results in the death of the woman, the offender shall be punished with fixed-term imprisonment for not less than six months andbut not more than five years; if serious bodily harmaggravated assaultinjury results, the offender shall be punished with fixed-term imprisonment for not more than three years.

Article 290
A person who for the purposepurpose of gain commits an offense specified in paragraph 1 of the preceding article shall be punished with fixed-term imprisonment for not less than six months butand not more than five year; in addition thereto, a fine of not more than five hundred yuan may be imposed.
If the commission of the offense results in the death of the woman, the offender shall be punished with fixed-term imprisonment for not less than three yearsand but not more than ten years; in addition thereto, a fine of not more than five hundred yuan may be imposed; if serious bodily harmaggravated assaultinjury results, the offender shall be punished with fixed-term imprisonment for not less than one year butand not more than seven years; in addition thereto, a fine of not more than five hundred yuan may be imposed.

Article 291
A person who without the request or consent of a pregnant woman causes her abortion shall be punished with fixed-term imprisonment for not less than one year butand not more than seven years.
If the commission of the offense results in the death of the woman, the offender shall be punished with life imprisonment for life or fixed-term imprisonment for not less than seven years; if serious bodily harmaggravated assaultinjury results, the offender shall be punished with fixed-term imprisonment for not less than three years butand not more than ten years.
An attempt to commit an offense specified in paragraph 1 is punishable.

Article 292
A person who by writing, drawing or other means publicly advertises a method orf thing to be used for abortion or who offers the services of himself or of another for abortion shall be punished with fixed-term imprisonment for not more than one year or detentionshort-term imprisonment; in lieu thereof, or in addition thereto, a fine of not more than one thousand yuan may be imposed.

第二編分則

第二四章墮胎罪
第 288 條
懷胎婦女服藥或以他法墮胎者，處六月以下有期徒刑、拘役或一百元以下
罰金。
懷胎婦女聽從他人墮胎者，亦同。
因疾病或其他防止生命上危險之必要，而犯前二項之罪者，免除其刑。
第 289 條
受懷胎婦女之囑託或得其承諾，而使之墮胎者，處二年以下有期徒刑。
因而致婦女於死者，處六月以上五年以下有期徒刑。致重傷者，處三年以
下有期徒刑。
第 290 條
意圖營利，而犯前條第一項之罪者，處六月以上五年以下有期徒刑，得併
科五百元以下罰金。
因而致婦女於死者，處三年以上十年以下有期徒刑，得併科五百元以下罰
金。致重傷者，處一年以上七年以下有期徒刑，得併科五百元以下罰金。
第 291 條
未受懷胎婦女之囑託或未得其承諾，而使之墮胎者，處一年以上七年以下
有期徒刑。
因而致婦女於死者，處無期徒刑或七年以上有期徒刑。致重傷者，處三年
以上十年以下有期徒刑。
第一項之未遂犯罰之。
第 292 條
以文字、圖畫或他法，公然介紹墮胎之方法或物品，或公然介紹自己或他
人為墮胎之行為者，處一年以下有期徒刑、拘役或科或併科一千元以下罰
金。

The International Criminal Court, ICC 國際刑事法院

2010-10-08T17:30:00.000-07:00

The International Criminal Court, ICC筆記

1998 The Rome Statute of the Internatioanl Criminal Court
2002生效
院長室: 3位法官組成。
法庭:
1.審前法庭 The Pre-Trial Divison
2.一審法庭 The Trial Division
3.上訴法庭 The Appeals Division
檢察官辦公室 The Office of the Prosecutor
秘書處 The Registry

Integrity and Ethics Directions for Civil Servants

2010-10-08T07:03:00.000-07:00

Integrity and Ethics Directions for Civil Servants
公務員廉政倫理規範

1. The Executive Yuan (hereinafter referred as “the Yuan”) has set the Directions specifically for guiding the civil servants to execute duties with integrity, fairness and lawful administration, which shall improve the Government's image of integrity.
2. The terminologies used under this Directions are defined as follows:
(1) “Civil servant” refers to personnel applicable to the “Civil Service Act.”
(2) “Interest to the duty” refers to one of the following situations between the individual, legal person, organization or other unit with the Authority or subordinate authority:
1. Relationship of business transaction, supervision or subsidy.
2. Relationship of searching, proceeding or completed setting of contract, trading or other agreements.
3. Other incidence that will receive beneficial or adverse influence due to decision, execution or non-execution of business under the Authority.
(3) “Normal standard of social etiquette” refers to social interaction between common people with market value under NT$3,000 (Three Thousand New Taiwan Dollars Only). The gift received from the same source in the same year is limited to NT$10,000 (Ten Thousand New Taiwan Dollars Only).
(4) “Civil service etiquette” refers to activity made according to politeness, habit or custom during domestic (foreign) interview, foreign guest reception, promotion, communication and coordination based on civil requirements.
(5) “Entreating or lobbying” refers to the action take for content of certain matter involves with decision, execution or non-execution of practical business under the Authority or subordinate authority, which may cause illegal or improper concern that might affect specific rights and duties.
3. The civil servants shall follow laws to execute duties impartially and base on the public interests. The attempt to gain improper benefit for oneself or third party via occupational power, method and opportunity is prohibited.
4. The civil servants may not request, make expected agreement of or receive gift from person of material interest to such servant's duty. However, the gift can be accepted under any of the following situation that is occasional and not affecting the specific right and duty:
(1) Civil etiquette.
(2) Bonus, assistance or consolation from the supervisor.
(3) The market value of gift received shall be less than NT$500 (Five Hundred New Taiwan Dollars Only). For gift to multi personnel in the Authority, the total market value shall be less than NT$1,000 (One Thousand New Taiwan Dollars Only).
(4) Gift with market value less than normal standard of social etiquette, which is given for engagement, marriage, birth, moving (to new residence), inauguration, promoted transfer, retirement, resignation, separation, as well as injury, illness or death of the personnel, spouse or immediate relative.
5. Upon occurrence of civil servant receiving gift, the matter shall be processed according to following procedures:
(1) Except for exceptions mentioned above, gift with material interest to the duty shall be rejected or returned, as well as reported to the supervisor and notified to the Government Employee Ethics Units. If return of gift is not possible, the matter shall be transferred to the Government Employee Ethics Units for process within 3 days since the date of receipt.
(2) Except for relatives or friends of usual contact, gift without material interest to the duty but exceeding normal standard of social etiquette in market value shall be reported to the supervisor within 3 days since the date of receipt. If necessary, the matter shall be notified to the Government Employee Ethics Units.
Each Government Employee Ethics Units shall propose methods of receipt, nationalization, transfer to charity agencies (institutes) or other adequate suggestions depending on the property and value of gift, which is executed after reporting to the Director of Agency for approval.
6. The following situations are deemed as gift received by the civil servant:
(1) Gift received in the name of civil servant’s spouse, immediate relative by blood, family members of common property and residence.
(2) Gift received via third parted and then transferred to the civil servant or person mentioned above.
7. The civil servant may not attend social gathering with material interest to his/her duty except for and not limited to one of the following incidences:
(1) The attendance is necessary due to civil etiquette.
(2) The event is held due to traditional festival and open to the public.
(3) Bonus or recognition from the supervisor.
(4) The event is held for engagement, marriage, birth, moving (to new residence), inauguration, promoted transfer, retirement, resignation, separation and not exceeding normal standard of social etiquette.
Although the social gathering has no material interest to the civil duty, the civil servant shall still avoid such event if not appropriate to the identity and duty.
8. In case of inspection, investigation, business trip or conference, the civil servant may not accept dinning or gathering invitation from relevant agency other than necessary meals, accommodation and transportation during execution of civil affairs unless necessary.
9. In occurrence of situation stated under Subparagraph 1 or 2, Paragraph 1, Point 7, the civil servant can only attend such event after reporting to the supervisor for approval and notifying the Government Employee Ethics Units.
10. Upon entreating or lobbying, the civil servant shall report to the supervisor and notify the Government Employee Ethics Units within 3 days.
11. After receiving notification of gift, social gathering, entreating or lobbying or other matters related to the integrity and ethics, the Government Employee Ethics Units of each agency shall register and create a new file immediately.
12. Unless required by the law otherwise, the civil servant may not take other part-time job of civil service or business.
13. For civil servant that attend event such as speech, symposium, seminar and judging, the hourly remuneration received may not exceed NT$5,000 (Five Thousand New Taiwan Dollars Only).
For civil servant that attend event mentioned above, the additional document fees received may not exceed NT$2,000 (Two Thousand New Taiwan Dollars Only).
If the event attended is held or invited by party with material interest to the duty, the civil servant can only attend such event after reporting to the supervisor for approval and notifying the Government Employee Ethics Units for registration.
14. In respect to the requirement under the Directions for reporting to the supervisor and notifying the Government Employee Ethics Units, the Director of the agency shall notify the Government Employee Ethics Units himself/herself.
15. The civil servant shall strive to avoid involvement of monetary loan, gathering invitation or participation, as well as property or identity guarantor. If necessary, the Government Employee Ethics Units shall be notified.
The agency directors and unit supervisors shall enhance the audit on subordinates’ ethics. Finding of abnormal finance or living shall be reacted and processed immediately.
16. The Government Employee Ethics Units of each agency shall assign specific personnel to undertake explanation of the Directions and case description, as well as providing other ethics and integrity consultation services. Any doubt occurs during the consultation shall be reported to the higher level of Government Employee Ethics Units for process.
The higher level of Government Employee Ethics Units mentioned above refers to the Government Employee Ethics Units of agency directly above the agency that accepts the consultation. The agency without higher authority will execute the power of higher agency regulated by the Directions.
The agency without higher authority refers to the first level agencies.
17. For matters specified under the Directions to be processed by the Government Employee Ethics Units, if such unit is not provided, the matter shall be processed by the personnel that is concurrently in charge with the ethic affairs or appointed by the Director.
18. The civil servant violating the Directions and verified to be true after investigation will receive punishment according to relevant regulations. If criminal liability is involved, the matter will be transferred to the justice unit for prosecution.
19. Each unit may set stricter regulations on various standards set under the Directions and other matters of integrity and ethics depending on the necessity.
20. Other central and local authorities outside of the Yuan may apply regulations of the Directions.

公務員廉政倫理規範

2010-09-17T19:51:00.000-07:00

公務員廉政倫理規範
1.中華民國九十七年六月二十六日行政院院臺法字第 0970087013 號函訂定發布全文20點；並定自九十七年八月ㄧ日生效
2.中華民國九十九年七月三十日行政院院臺法字第0990040576號函修正公布全文21點，並自即日生效
一、行政院（以下簡稱本院）為使所屬公務員執行職務，廉潔自持、公正無私及依法行政，並提升政府之清廉形象，特訂定本規範。
二、本規範用詞，定義如下：
（一）公務員：指適用公務員服務法之人員。
（二）與其職務有利害關係：指個人、法人、團體或其他單位與本機關（構）或其所屬機關（構）間，具有下列情形之一者：
1、業務往來、指揮監督或費用補(獎）助等關係。
2、正在尋求、進行或已訂立承攬、買賣或其他契約關係。
3、其他因本機關（構）業務之決定、執行或不執行，將遭受有利或不利之影響。
（三）正常社交禮俗標準：指一般人社交往來，市價不超過新臺幣三千元者。但同一年度來自同一來源受贈財物以新臺幣一萬元為限。
（四）公務禮儀：指基於公務需要，在國內（外）訪問、接待外賓、推動業務及溝通協調時，依禮貌、慣例或習俗所為之活動。
（五）請託關說：指其內容涉及本機關（構）或所屬機關（構）業務具體事項之決定、執行或不執行，且因該事項之決定、執行或不執行致有違法或不當而影響特定權利義務之虞。
三、公務員應依法公正執行職務，以公共利益為依歸，不得假借職務上之權力、方法、機會圖本人或第三人不正之利益。
四、公務員不得要求、期約或收受與其職務有利害關係者餽贈財物。但有下列情形之一，且係偶發而無影響特定權利義務之虞時，得受贈之：
（一）屬公務禮儀。
（二）長官之獎勵、救助或慰問。
（三）受贈之財物市價在新臺幣五百元以下；或對本機關（構）內多數人為餽贈，其市價總額在新臺幣一千元以下。
（四）因訂婚、結婚、生育、喬遷、就職、陞遷異動、退休、辭職、離職及本人、配偶或直系親屬之傷病、死亡受贈之財物，其市價不超過正常社交禮俗標準。
五、公務員遇有受贈財物情事，應依下列程序處理：
（一）與其職務有利害關係者所為之餽贈，除前點但書規定之情形外，應予拒絕或退還，並簽報其長官及知會政風機構；無法退還時，應於受贈之日起三日內，交政風機構處理。
（二）除親屬或經常交往朋友外，與其無職務上利害關係者所為之餽贈，市價超過正常社交禮俗標準時，應於受贈之日起三日內，簽報其長官，必要時並知會政風機構。
各機關（構）之政風機構應視受贈財物之性質及價值，提出付費收受、歸公、轉贈慈善機構或其他適當建議，簽報機關首長核定後執行。
六、下列情形推定為公務員之受贈財物：
（一）以公務員配偶、直系血親、同財共居家屬之名義收受者。
（二）藉由第三人收受後轉交公務員本人或前款之人者。
七、公務員不得參加與其職務有利害關係者之飲宴應酬。但有下列情形之ㄧ者，不在此限：
（一）因公務禮儀確有必要參加。
（二）因民俗節慶公開舉辦之活動且邀請一般人參加。
（三）屬長官對屬員之獎勵、慰勞。
（四）因訂婚、結婚、生育、喬遷、就職、陞遷異動、退休、辭職、離職等所舉辦之活動，而未超過正常社交禮俗標準。
公務員受邀之飲宴應酬，雖與其無職務上利害關係，而與其身分、職務顯不相宜者，仍應避免。
八、公務員除因公務需要經報請長官同意，或有其他正當理由者外，不得涉足不妥當之場所。
公務員不得與其職務有利害關係之相關人員為不當接觸。
九、公務員於視察、調查、出差或參加會議等活動時，不得在茶點及執行公務確有必要之簡便食宿、交通以外接受相關機關（構）飲宴或其他應酬活動。
十、公務員遇有第七點第一項第一款或第二款情形，應簽報長官核准並知會政風機構後始得參加。
十一、公務員遇有請託關說時，應於三日內簽報其長官並知會政風機構。
十二、各機關（構）之政風機構受理受贈財物、飲宴應酬、請託關說或其他涉及廉政倫理事件之知會或通知後，應即登錄建檔。
十三、公務員除依法令規定外，不得兼任其他公職或業務。
十四、公務員出席演講、座談、研習及評審（選）等活動，支領鐘點費每小時不得超過新臺幣五千元。
公務員參加前項活動，另有支領稿費者，每千字不得超過新臺幣二千元。
公務員參加第一項活動，如屬與其職務有利害關係者籌辦或邀請，應先簽報其長官核准及知會政風機構登錄後始得前往。
十五、本規範所定應知會政風機構並簽報其長官之規定，於機關（構）首長，應逕行通知政風機構。
十六、公務員應儘量避免金錢借貸、邀集或參與合會、擔任財物或身分之保證人。如確有必要者，應知會政風機構。
機關（構）首長及單位主管應加強對屬員之品德操守考核，發現有財務異常、生活違常者，應立即反應及處理。
十七、各機關（構）之政風機構應指派專人，負責本規範之解釋、個案說明及提供其他廉政倫理諮詢服務。受理諮詢業務，如有疑義得送請上一級政風機構處理。
前項所稱上一級政風機構，指受理諮詢機關（構）直屬之上一級機關政風機構，其無上級機關者，由該機關（構）執行本規範所規定上級機關之職權。
前項所稱無上級機關者，指本院所屬各一級機關。
十八、本規範所定應由政風機構處理之事項，於未設政風機構者，由兼辦政風業務人員或其首長指定之人員處理。
十九、公務員違反本規範經查證屬實者，依相關規定懲處；其涉及刑事責任者，移送司法機關辦理。
二十、各機關(構)得視需要，對本規範所定之各項標準及其他廉政倫理事項，訂定更嚴格之規範。
二十一、本院以外其他中央及地方機關（構），得準用本規範之規定。

ICCPR

2010-08-22T02:24:00.000-07:00

Article 14 ICCPR
公民權利與政治權利國際公約
1. All persons shall be equal before the courts and tribunals. In the determination of any criminal charge against him, or of his rights and obligations in a suit at law, everyone shall be entitled to a fair and public hearing by a competent, independent and impartial tribunal established by law. The press and the public may be excluded from all or part of a trial for reasons of morals, public order (ordre public) or national security in a democratic society, or when the interest of the private lives of the parties so requires, or to the extent strictly necessary in the opinion of the court in special circumstances where publicity would prejudice the interests of justice; but any judgement rendered in a criminal case or in a suit at law shall be made public except where the interest of juvenile persons otherwise requires or the proceedings concern matrimonial disputes or the guardianship of children. 　　
人人在法院與法庭之前一律平等。在決定提出任何刑事指控或確定該人在訴訟案中之權利與義務時，人人有資格由一個依法設立的適格的、獨立的與無偏頗之法庭進行公正與公開的聽審。基於民主社會中的道德的、公共秩序或國家安全之理由，或當訴訟當事人的私生活利益有此需要時，或在特殊情況下法庭認為公開審判會損害司法利益因而嚴格需要的限度下，可不使記者與公眾出席全部或部分審判；但對刑事案件或法律訴訟的任何判刑決應公開宣佈，但少年的利益另有要求或者訴訟系有關兒童監護權的婚姻爭端，則不在此限。

2. Everyone charged with a criminal offence shall have the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law.
2.凡受刑事控告者，在未依法證實有罪之前，應有權被推定無罪。 3. In the determination of any criminal charge against him, everyone shall be entitled to the following minimum guarantees, in full equality:
3.在決定對他提出任何刑事指控時，人人完全平等地有資格享受以下的最低限度的保障： (a) To be informed promptly and in detail in a language which he understands of the nature and cause of the charge against him;
(a)迅速以一種他懂得的語言詳細地告知對他提出的指控之性質與原因；
(b) To have adequate time and facilities for the preparation of his defence and to communicate with counsel of his own choosing;
(b)有相當時間與便利(設施)準備他的辯護，並與他自己所選任之律師聯絡。 (c) To be tried without undue delay;
(c)受審時間不被無故拖延； (d) To be tried in his presence, and to defend himself in person or through legal assistance of his own choosing; to be informed, if he does not have legal assistance, of this right; and to have legal assistance assigned to him, in any case where the interests of justice so require, and without payment by him in any such case if he does not have sufficient means to pay for it;
(d)出席受審，並親自替自己辯護，或經由他自己所選擇之法律援助(律師)進行辯護；如果他沒有法律援助(律師)，要通知他享有該項權利；在司法利益有此需要之案件中，為他指定法律援助(律師)，而在他沒有足夠能力償付法律援助(律師費用)的案件中，不要他自己付費；
(e) To examine, or have examined, the witnesses against him and to obtain the attendance and examination of witnesses on his behalf under the same conditions as witnesses against him;
(e)詰問或業已詰問對其不利之證人，並使對其有利之證人在與對其不利之證人相同的條件下出庭與受詰問； (f) To have the free assistance of an interpreter if he cannot understand or speak the language used in court;
(f)如他不懂或不會說法庭上所用之語言，能免費獲得譯員之協助； (g) Not to be compelled to testify against himself or to confess guilt.
(g)不被強迫作不利於己之證言或強迫承認犯罪。
4. In the case of juvenile persons, the procedure shall be such as will take account of their age and the desirability of promoting their rehabilitation.
4.在少年的案件，程序上應考量到他們的年齡與幫助（促使）他們重新做人(復歸)之需要。
5. Everyone convicted of a crime shall have the right to his conviction and sentence being reviewed by a higher tribunal according to law. 5.凡被判決有罪者，應有權由一個較高級的法庭對其所定之罪與刑罰依法進行復審。
6. When a person has by a final decision been convicted of a criminal offence and when subsequently his conviction has been reversed or he has been pardoned on the ground that a new or newly discovered fact shows conclusively that there has been a miscarriage of justice, the person who has suffered punishment as a result of such conviction shall be compensated according to law, unless it is proved that the non-disclosure of the unknown fact in time is wholly or partly attributable to him.
6.在依最終判決已被判定刑事犯罪，而隨後依據新的或新發現的事實確實表明發生誤審，其罪名被推翻或被赦免的情況下，因這種定罪而受有刑罰之人應依法得到賠償，除非經證明當時不知道之事實的未被及時揭露完全是或部分是基於他（被告）自己的緣故。
7. No one shall be liable to be tried or punished again for an offence for which he has already been finally convicted or acquitted in accordance with the law and penal procedure of each country.
7.任何人已依一國的法律及刑事程序被最終地定罪或宣告無罪者，不得就同一罪名再予審判或懲罰。

2010.8.22
By Wanli Yang

聯合國人權理事會 UN Human Rights Council

2010-08-14T23:38:00.000-07:00

聯合國人權機構
（一）人權理事會

第二次大戰後，聯合國希望以「國際人權組織」的方式，打造人權保護的全球性機制。

聯合國經社理事會於1946年4月通過決議設立人權委員會（Commission on Human Rights），在當時此一機構僅有研究及起草條約的功能，「世界人權宣言」、「政治與公民權利公約」及「經濟、社會和文化權利公約」等一系列重要聯合國文件皆由該「人權委員會」所起草，惟在1960年以前聯合國會員國對於人權議題表現並不積極，對於利用聯合國解決人權議題，更抱持極低的期望。

此一情況在1959年後有了顯著的改善。經社理事會於1959年、1967年及1979年三次通過決議，為「人權委員會」擴張了權力。人權委員會權限的擴大，反映了1970年代後聯合國對於人權事務態度的轉變，此一特點是聯合國對於人權事務，採取了更為主動與積極整合的態度。

「聯合國人權委員會」除設立「防止歧視及保護少數小組委員會」（Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities）為其附屬機構外，並透過設置人權問題「特別報告員制度」（Special Rapporteur）及「工作小組制度」（working group），以專題方式處理某項受侵害人權案件，或在特定國家或地區調查侵害人權的狀況，並積極以各種方式達到保護人權的目的。

人權委員會權限的擴大，也使得該委員會在聯合國人權機構的地位及作用不斷提升，並成為已開發與開發中國家意見對立的場所。

聯合國人權委員會（1946-2006）（簡稱人權委員會；United Nations Commission on Human Rights，UNCHR）是聯合國系統框架下的功能委員會。它是聯合國「經濟社會理事會」的職司委員會，它也幫助聯合國人權事務高級專員辦事處（Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights）開展工作。人權委員會是聯合國系統審議人權問題的最主要機構之一，它的主要職責是：根據《聯合國憲章》宗旨和原則，在人權領域進行專題研究、提出建議和起草國際人權文書並提交聯合國大會。

在2006年3月15日，聯合國大會壓倒性地通過以聯合國人權理事會(UN Human Rights Council)取代人權委員會(Commission on Human Rights)。
新的人權理事會擁有47個席位：亞洲13席、非洲13席、東歐6席、拉丁美洲和加勒比海地區8席、西歐及其他國家集團7席。在選舉理事會成員時，必須考慮候選國在促進和保護人權方面所作的貢獻。理事會成員國每屆任期3年，最多可連任一次。經三分之二成員國同意，聯合國大會可中止嚴重違反人權的國家的人權理事會成員資格。

理事會成員由聯大秘密投票選舉産生，必須獲半數以上會員國支援才能當選，任期3年，只能連選連任一屆。理事會每年在日內瓦舉行3次會議，其中一次為主要會議，會期總計不少於10周。此外，應理事會成員要求，獲1/3成員（16國）支援，理事會可舉行特別會議。迄今，人權理事會共召開11次正式會議，並就巴勒斯坦被占領土、蘇丹達爾富爾、斯裏蘭卡人權問題和金融危機等問題舉行11次特別會議。

根據聯大第60/251號決議，理事會職能主要包括：促進對所有人人權與基本自由的普遍尊重；處理侵犯人權情況並提出建議；推動各國全面履行人權義務；推動聯合國係統人權主流化；在與會員國協商同意後，幫助會員國加強人權能力建設，促進人權教育並提供技術援助；提供人權問題專題對話論壇；向聯大提出進一步發展國際人權法的建議；向聯大提交年度報告等。決議授權理事會在一年內對人權委員會原有工作機制和方法進行全面評估和改革，制定未來工作方法和運作規則。
2007年6月19日人權理事會如期完成建章立制工作，確立了普遍定期審議、人權特別機制、專家咨詢機制、來文申訴機制的運作方式，並制定了理事會議程、工作方法和議事規則。

（二）人權理事會咨詢委員會（The Human Rights Council Advisory Committee）

根據經社理事會1946年6月21日第9(Ⅱ)號決議，聯合國人權會設立“防止歧視和保護少數小組委員會”(Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities)。1999年7月27日，經社理事會決定將其更名為“促進和保護人權小組委員會”(Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights，簡稱“人權小組會”)。

人權小組會係人權委員會下屬機構，主要職能是對有關重要人權問題進行研究並向人權委員會提出報告。人權小組會由26名以個人身份工作的獨立專家組成。

人權理事會成立後，決定成立咨詢委員會取代人權小組會。該委員會基本繼承人權小組會職能，負責從事人權專題研究並向理事會提出咨詢意見。委員會由18名獨立專家組成，遵循公平地域分配原則，亞洲、非洲組各5名，拉美、西方組各3名，東歐組2名。聯合國所有會員國均可提名人選，由理事會選舉産生，任期3年，可連任1次。每年開兩次會議，總會期不超過10天。與原人權小組會不同的是，委員會不得通過任何決議或決定。

（三）聯合國人權事務高級專員（簡稱“人權高專”, UN High Commissioner for Human Rights）及其辦公室（Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights）

係根據1993年聯大第48/141號決議設立，是聯合國係統內負責人權事務的最高行政長官，副秘書長級。由聯合國秘書長任命，經聯合國大會核準産生。人權高專主要負責協調聯合國在人權領域的活動，任期四年，可連任一次。
　　1997年10月，第52屆聯大通過聯合國秘書長安南提出的對聯合國人權秘書處進行改組的方案，將原聯合國人權中心並入聯合國人權高專辦公室，負責聯合國人權領域的技術支援工作，總部設在日內瓦，並在紐約聯合國總部設辦事處。2005年9月，聯合國60周年首長會議通過成果文件，決定加強人權高專辦公室的工作。目前，高專辦設有8個地區辦事處和11個國家辦事處，並在聯合國17項和平行動中派駐人權官員。

（四）人權公約監督機構（Treaty-based Bodies）

人權公約監督機構係根據人權公約規定所設立，負責審查、監督締約國執行公約情況。目前聯合國共有八個人權公約監督機構，分別是：
1.根據《公民權利和政治權利國際公約》設立的“人權事務委員會”;
2.經社理事會為監督《經濟、社會及文化權利國際公約》執行情況設立的“經濟、社會及文化權利委員會”；
3.根據《消除一切形式種族歧視國際公約》設立的“消除種族歧視委員會”；
4.根據《消除對婦女一切形式歧視公約》設立的“消除對婦女歧視委員會”；
5.根據《禁止酷刑和其他殘忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或處罰公約》設立的“禁止酷刑委員會”；
6.根據《兒童權利公約》設立的“兒童權利委員會”；
7.根據《保護所有遷徙工人及其家庭成員權利國際公約》設立的“保護所有遷徙工人及其家庭成員權利委員會”；
8.根據《殘疾人權利公約》設立的“殘疾人權利委員會”。

（五）非政府組織委員會（Committee on Non-Governmental Organizations）

非政府組織委員會係聯合國經社理事會（以下簡稱“經社會”）下屬常設委員會，根據經社會決議于1946年成立，最初由中國、法國、英國、蘇聯、美國5國組成。1950年，巴基斯坦和秘魯加入委員會，1966年擴大至13國。1981年7月，經社會決定將委員會從13個增至19個，由5個非洲國家、4個亞洲國家、4個拉美國家、4個西方國家和2個東歐國家組成。成員任期最初為一年，從1975年起改至四年，每四年改選一次，可連選連任。

委員會成員目前為中國、美國、俄羅斯、英國、安哥拉、布隆迪、埃及、幾內亞、蘇丹、印度、巴基斯坦、卡塔爾、羅馬尼亞、哥倫比亞、古巴、多米尼克、秘魯、以色列和土耳其。

該委員會是聯合國係統內唯一審議非政府組織申請聯合國經社會咨商地位、討論制定非政府組織行為規范等問題的機構。每年召開兩次會議。根據聯合國經社會1996/31號決議有關規定，經社會咨商地位分三類：全面、特別和名冊。獲得咨商地位的非政府組織可以觀察員身份列席經社會及其下屬機構會議。截至目前，共有3195個非政府組織獲得經社會咨商地位。

資料來源:
1.http://thesaurus.babylon.com/united%20nations%20commission%20on%20human%20rights
2.林季蓉，聯合國人權委員會組織及其運作之研究，2002論文摘要。
3.維基百科，http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E6%9D%83%E7%90%86%E4%BA%8B%E4%BC%9A
4.http://big5.fmprc.gov.cn/gate/big5/www.mfa.gov.cn/chn/pds/gjhdq/gjhdqzz/lhg/jbqk/t358601.htm

2010.8.15 楊婉莉整理

Guidelines on the Role of Prosecutors

2010-08-14T23:00:00.000-07:00

Guidelines on the Role of Prosecutors
聯合國「檢察官角色準則」

Adopted by the Eighth United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and
the Treatment of Offenders, Havana, Cuba, 27 August to 7 September 1990
Whereas in the Charter of the United Nations the peoples of the world affirm, inter alia , their determination to establish conditions under which justice can be maintained, and proclaim as one of their purposes the achievement of international cooperation in promoting and encouraging respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms without distinction as to race, sex, language or religion,

Whereas the Universal Declaration of Human Rights enshrines the principles of equality before the law, the presumption of innocence and the right to a fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal,

Whereas frequently there still exists a gap between the vision underlying those principles and the actual situation,

Whereas the organization and administration of justice in every country should be inspired by those principles, and efforts undertaken to translate them fully into reality,

Whereas prosecutors play a crucial role in the administration of justice, and rules concerning the performance of their important responsibilities should promote their respect for and compliance with the above-mentioned principles, thus contributing to fair and equitable criminal justice and the effective protection of citizens against crime,

Whereas it is essential to ensure that prosecutors possess the professional qualifications required for the accomplishment of their functions, through improved methods of recruitment and legal and professional training, and through the provision of all necessary means for the proper performance of their role in combating criminality, particularly in its new forms and dimensions,

Whereas the General Assembly, by its resolution 34/169 of 17 December 1979, adopted the Code of Conduct for Law Enforcement Officials, on the recommendation of the Fifth United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders,

Whereas in resolution 16 of the Sixth United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders, the Committee on Crime Prevention and Control was called upon to include among its priorities the elaboration of guidelines relating to the independence of judges and the selection, professional training and status of judges and prosecutors,

Whereas the Seventh United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders adopted the Basic Principles on the Independence of the Judiciary, subsequently endorsed by the General Assembly in its resolutions 40/32 of 29 November 1985 and 40/146 of 13 December 1985,

Whereas the Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power recommends measures to be taken at the international and national levels to improve access to justice and fair treatment, restitution, compensation and assistance for victims of crime,

Whereas , in resolution 7 of the Seventh Congress the Committee was called upon to consider the need for guidelines relating, inter alia , to the selection, professional training and status of prosecutors, their expected tasks and conduct, means to enhance their contribution to the smooth functioning of the criminal justice system and their cooperation with the police, the scope of their discretionary powers, and their role in criminal proceedings, and to report thereon to future United Nations congresses,

The Guidelines set forth below, which have been formulated to assist Member States in their tasks of securing and promoting the effectiveness, impartiality and fairness of prosecutors in criminal proceedings, should be respected and taken into account by Governments within the framework of their national legislation and practice, and should be brought to the attention of prosecutors, as well as other persons, such as judges, lawyers, members of the executive and the legislature and the public in general. The present Guidelines have been formulated principally with public prosecutors in mind, but they apply equally, as appropriate, to prosecutors appointed on an ad hoc basis.

Qualifications, selection and training
1. Persons selected as prosecutors shall be individuals of integrity and ability, with appropriate training and qualifications.

2. States shall ensure that:

( a ) Selection criteria for prosecutors embody safeguards against appointments based on partiality or prejudice, excluding any discrimination against a person on the grounds of race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national, social or ethnic origin, property, birth, economic or other status, except that it shall not be considered discriminatory to require a candidate for prosecutorial office to be a national of the country concerned;

( b ) Prosecutors have appropriate education and training and should be made aware of the ideals and ethical duties of their office, of the constitutional and statutory protections for the rights of the suspect and the victim, and of human rights and fundamental freedoms recognized by national and international law.

Status and conditions of service
3. Prosecutors, as essential agents of the administration of justice, shall at all times maintain the honour and dignity of their profession.

4. States shall ensure that prosecutors are able to perform their professional functions without intimidation, hindrance, harassment, improper interference or unjustified exposure to civil, penal or other liability.

5. Prosecutors and their families shall be physically protected by the authorities when their personal safety is threatened as a result of the discharge of prosecutorial functions.

6. Reasonable conditions of service of prosecutors, adequate remuneration and, where applicable, tenure, pension and age of retirement shall be set out by law or published rules or regulations.

7. Promotion of prosecutors, wherever such a system exists, shall be based on objective factors, in particular professional qualifications, ability, integrity and experience, and decided upon in accordance with fair and impartial procedures.

Freedom of expression and association
8. Prosecutors like other citizens are entitled to freedom of expression, belief, association and assembly. In particular, they shall have the right to take part in public discussion of matters concerning the law, the administration of justice and the promotion and protection of human rights and to join or form local, national or international organizations and attend their meetings, without suffering professional disadvantage by reason of their lawful action or their membership in a lawful organization. In exercising these rights, prosecutors shall always conduct themselves in accordance with the law and the recognized standards and ethics of their profession.

9. Prosecutors shall be free to form and join professional associations or other organizations to represent their interests, to promote their professional training and to protect their status.

Role in criminal proceedings
10. The office of prosecutors shall be strictly separated from judicial functions.

11. Prosecutors shall perform an active role in criminal proceedings, including institution of prosecution and, where authorized by law or consistent with local practice, in the investigation of crime, supervision over the legality of these investigations, supervision of the execution of court decisions and the exercise of other functions as representatives of the public interest.

12. Prosecutors shall, in accordance with the law, perform their duties fairly, consistently and expeditiously, and respect and protect human dignity and uphold human rights, thus contributing to ensuring due process and the smooth functioning of the criminal justice system.

13. In the performance of their duties, prosecutors shall:

( a ) Carry out their functions impartially and avoid all political, social, religious, racial, cultural, sexual or any other kind of discrimination;

( b ) Protect the public interest, act with objectivity, take proper account of the position of the suspect and the victim, and pay attention to all relevant circumstances, irrespective of whether they are to the advantage or disadvantage of the suspect;

( c ) Keep matters in their possession confidential, unless the performance of duty or the needs of justice require otherwise;

( d ) Consider the views and concerns of victims when their personal interests are affected and ensure that victims are informed of their rights in accordance with the Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power.

14. Prosecutors shall not initiate or continue prosecution, or shall make every effort to stay proceedings, when an impartial investigation shows the charge to be unfounded.

15. Prosecutors shall give due attention to the prosecution of crimes committed by public officials, particularly corruption, abuse of power, grave violations of human rights and other crimes recognized by international law and, where authorized by law or consistent with local practice, the investigation of such offences.

16. When prosecutors come into possession of evidence against suspects that they know or believe on reasonable grounds was obtained through recourse to unlawful methods, which constitute a grave violation of the suspect's human rights, especially involving torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, or other abuses of human rights, they shall refuse to use such evidence against anyone other than those who used such methods, or inform the Court accordingly, and shall take all necessary steps to ensure that those responsible for using such methods are brought to justice.

Discretionary functions
17. In countries where prosecutors are vested with discretionary functions, the law or published rules or regulations shall provide guidelines to enhance fairness and consistency of approach in taking decisions in the prosecution process, including institution or waiver of prosecution.

Alternatives to prosecution
18. In accordance with national law, prosecutors shall give due consideration to waiving prosecution, discontinuing proceedings conditionally or unconditionally, or diverting criminal cases from the formal justice system, with full respect for the rights of suspect(s) and the victim(s). For this purpose, States should fully explore the possibility of adopting diversion schemes not only to alleviate excessive court loads, but also to avoid the stigmatization of pre-trial detention, indictment and conviction, as well as the possible adverse effects of imprisonment.

19. In countries where prosecutors are vested with discretionary functions as to the decision whether or not to prosecute a juvenile, special consideration shall be given to the nature and gravity of the offence, protection of society and the personality and background of the juvenile. In making that decision, prosecutors shall particularly consider available alternatives to prosecution under the relevant juvenile justice laws and procedures. Prosecutors shall use their best efforts to take prosecutory action against juveniles only to the extent strictly necessary.

Relations with other government agencies or institutions
20. In order to ensure the fairness and effectiveness of prosecution, prosecutors shall strive to cooperate with the police, the courts, the legal profession, public defenders and other government agencies or institutions.

Disciplinary proceedings
21. Disciplinary offences of prosecutors shall be based on law or lawful regulations. Complaints against prosecutors which allege that they acted in a manner clearly out of the range of professional standards shall be processed expeditiously and fairly under appropriate procedures. Prosecutors shall have the right to a fair hearing. The decision shall be subject to independent review.

22. Disciplinary proceedings against prosecutors shall guarantee an objective evaluation and decision. They shall be determined in accordance with the law, the code of professional conduct and other established standards and ethics and in the light of the present Guidelines.

Observance of the Guidelines
23. Prosecutors shall respect the present Guidelines. They shall also, to the best of their capability, prevent and actively oppose any violations thereof.

24. Prosecutors who have reason to believe that a violation of the present Guidelines has occurred or is about to occur shall report the matter to their superior authorities and, where necessary, to other appropriate authorities or organs vested with reviewing or remedial power.

性別平等教育法 Gender Equity Education Act

2010-07-10T02:32:00.000-07:00

Gender Equity Education Act 2004.06.23( Taiwan)
性別平等教育法

修正日期民國 99 年 05 月 26 日

Chapter 1 General Provisions
第一章總則
Article 1 　
This Act is prescribed in order to promote substantive gender equality, eliminate gender discrimination, uphold human dignity, and improve and establish education resources and environment of gender equality.
For matters not set forth in this Act, the relevant provisions of other laws shall govern.

第 1 條　為促進性別地位之實質平等，消除性別歧視，維護人格尊嚴，厚植並建立性別平等之教育資源與環境，特制定本法。
本法未規定者，適用其他法律之規定。
Article 2 　
The following terms that appear in this Act are hereby defined:
1. Gender equity education: to eliminate gender discrimination and promote substantive gender equality through education.
2. School: public and private schools of all levels.
3. Sexual assault: any sexual offense defined by the Sexual Assault Prevention Act
4. Sexual harassment: cases described by the following and do not constitute as sexual assaults:
i)　Unwelcome remarks or conducts that carry explicitly or implicitly a sexual or gender discriminating connotation and thereby adversely affect the other party's human dignity, or the opportunity or performance of her or his learning or work.　
ii) A conduct of sexual or gendered nature that is served as the condition for oneself or others to gain or lose rights or interests in learning or work.
5. Sexual assault or sexual harassment on campus: sexual assault or sexual harassment that involves the school principal, faculty, staff or student as one party and student as the other party.

第 2 條　本法用詞定義如下：
一、性別平等教育：指以教育方式消除性別歧視，促進性別地位之實質平等。
二、學校：指公私立各級學校。
三、性侵害：指性侵害犯罪防治法所稱性侵害犯罪之行為。
四、性騷擾：指符合下列情形之一，且未達性侵害之程度者：
(一) 以明示或暗示之方式，從事不受歡迎且具有性意味或性別歧視之言詞或行為，致影響他人之人格尊嚴、學習、或工作之機會或表現者。
(二) 以性或性別有關之行為，作為自己或他人獲得、喪失或減損其學習或工作有關權益之條件者。
五、校園性侵害或性騷擾事件：指性侵害或性騷擾事件之一方為學校校長、教師、職員、工友或學生，他方為學生者。

Article 3 　
The term competent authority used in this Act is referred to the Ministry of Education at the central government level, the municipal government at the municipal level, and the county or city government at the county or city level.

第 3 條　本法所稱主管機關：在中央為教育部；在直轄市為直轄市政府；在縣 (市) 為縣 (市) 政府。
Article 4 　 The central competent authority shall establish a gender equity education committee whose tasks include:
1. Draft laws, regulations, policies and annual projects related to gender equity education at national level;
2. Coordinate and integrate related resources, assist and fund the regional competent authority and schools and social education institutions under its jurisdiction in order to implement and develop gender equity education;
3. Supervise and evaluate gender equity-related activities carried out by the regional competent authority, schools and social education institutions under its jurisdiction under its jurisdiction;
4. Promote research and development of curricula, teaching, and assessments on gender equity education and related issues;
5. Plan and implement gender equity education personnel training programs;
6. Provide consultation services related to gender equity education, and investigate and handle cases pertinent to this Act;
7. Promote gender equity in family education and social education at national level;
8. Other matters related to gender equity education at national level.

第 4 條　中央主管機關應設性別平等教育委員會，其任務如下：
一、研擬全國性之性別平等教育相關法規、政策及年度實施計畫。
二、協調及整合相關資源，協助並補助地方主管機關及所主管學校、社教機構落實性別平等教育之實施與發展。
三、督導考核地方主管機關及所主管學校、社教機構性別平等教育相關工作之實施。
四、推動性別平等教育之課程、教學、評量與相關問題之研究與發展。
五、規劃及辦理性別平等教育人員之培訓。
六、提供性別平等教育相關事項之諮詢服務及調查、處理與本法有關之案件。
七、推動全國性有關性別平等之家庭教育及社會教育。
八、其他關於全國性之性別平等教育事務。
Article 5 　
The competent authority of the municipal government at municipal level and the county or city government at county or city level shall establish a gender equity education committee whose tasks include:
1 Draft regional laws and regulations, policies and annual projects related to gender equity education;
2. Coordinate and integrate related resources, assist and fund the regional competent authority and schools and social education institutions under its jurisdiction in order to implement and develop gender equity education;
3. Supervise and evaluate gender equity-related activities carried out by schools and social education institutions under its jurisdiction;
4. Promote research on curricula, teaching, and assessments on gender equity education and related issues;
5. Provide schools and social education institutions under its jurisdiction consultation service related to gender equity education, and investigate and handle cases pertinent to this Act;
6. Implement in-service education programs for faculty and personnel in schools under its jurisdiction;
7. Promote gender equity in family education and social education;
8. Other regional matters related to gender equity education.

第 5 條　直轄市、縣 (市) 主管機關應設性別平等教育委員會，其任務如下：
一、研擬地方之性別平等教育相關法規、政策及年度實施計畫。
二、協調及整合相關資源，並協助所主管學校、社教機構落實性別平等教育之實施與發展。
三、督導考核所主管學校、社教機構性別平等教育相關工作之實施。
四、推動性別平等教育之課程、教學、評量及相關問題之研究發展。
五、提供所主管學校、社教機構性別平等教育相關事項之諮詢服務及調查、處理與本法有關之案件。
六、辦理所主管學校教育人員及相關人員之在職進修。
七、推動地方有關性別平等之家庭教育及社會教育。
八、其他關於地方之性別平等教育事務。
Article 6 　
The school shall establish a gender equity education committee whose tasks include:
1. Integrate related resources in various departments of the school, draft gender equity education projects, and implement and examine the results of the projects;
2. Plan and implement activities related to gender equity education for students, staff, faculty, and parents;
3. Research, develop and promote courses, teaching, and assessments on gender equity education;
4. Draft and implement regulations on gender equity education and prevention of sexual assault and sexual harassment on campus, establish mechanisms to coordinate and integrate related resources;
5. Investigate and handle cases pertinent to this Act;
6. Plan and establish a safe and gender-fair campus;
7. Promote gender equity in family education and social education at community level;
8. Other matters related to gender equity at school or community level.

第 6 條　學校應設性別平等教育委員會，其任務如下：
一、統整學校各單位相關資源，擬訂性別平等教育實施計畫，落實並檢視其實施成果。
二、規劃或辦理學生、教職員工及家長性別平等教育相關活動。
三、研發並推廣性別平等教育之課程、教學及評量。
四、研擬性別平等教育實施與校園性侵害及性騷擾之防治規定，建立機制，並協調及整合相關資源。
五、調查及處理與本法有關之案件。
六、規劃及建立性別平等之安全校園空間。
七、推動社區有關性別平等之家庭教育與社會教育。
八、其他關於學校或社區之性別平等教育事務。
Article 7 　
The gender equity education committee of the central competent authority shall consist of seventeen to twenty-three members, who shall serve for specific terms. The Minister of Education shall be chair of the committee. At least half of the committee members shall be women. Experts, scholars, NGO/NPO representatives and practitioners from fields related to gender equity education shall make up at least two-thirds of the committee members.　
The aforesaid committee shall hold at least one meeting every three months, and appoint staffer(s) ad hoc to handle related matters. Matters regarding the organization and meetings of the committee and other related affairs shall be prescribed by the central competent authority.

第 7 條　
中央主管機關之性別平等教育委員會，置委員十七人至二十三人，採任期制，以教育部部長為主任委員，其中女性委員應占委員總數二分之一以上；性別平等教育相關領域之專家學者、民間團體代表及實務工作者之委員合計，應占委員總數三分之二以上。
前項性別平等教育委員會每三個月應至少開會一次，並應由專人處理有關業務；其組織、會議及其他相關事項，由中央主管機關定之。
Article 8 　
The gender equity education committee of the municipal government and county or city level shall consist of nine to twenty-three members, who shall serve specific terms. The mayor of the municipality, the magistrate of the county or the mayor of the city government shall be chair of the committee. At least half of the committee members shall be women. Experts, scholars, NGO/NPO representatives and practitioners from fields related to gender equity education shall make up at least one-third of the committee members.
The aforesaid committee shall hold at least one meeting every three months, and appoint staffer(s) ad hoc to handle related matters. Matters regarding the organization and meetings of the committee and other related affairs shall be prescribed by the competent authorities at municipal, or county or city level.

第 8 條　直轄市、縣 (市) 主管機關之性別平等教育委員會，置委員九人至二十三人，採任期制，以直轄市、縣 (市) 首長為主任委員，其中女性委員應占委員總數二分之一以上；性別平等教育相關領域之專家學者、民間團體代表及實務工作者之委員合計，應占委員總數三分之一以上。
前項性別平等教育委員會每三個月應至少開會一次，並應由專人處理有關業務；其組織、會議及其他相關事項，由直轄市、縣 (市) 主管機關定之。
Article 9 　
The gender equity education committee of the school shall consist of five to twenty-one members, who shall serve specific terms. The school principal or president shall be chair of the committee, and at least one half of the committee members shall be women. Representatives of faculty, staff, parents, students, and experts with gender equity consciousness, and scholars from fields related to gender equity education may be invited to be committee members.
The aforesaid committee shall hold at least one meeting every three months, and appoint staffer or teacher ad hoc to handle related matters. Matters regarding the organization and meetings of the committee, and other related affairs shall be prescribed by the school.

第 9 條　
學校之性別平等教育委員會，置委員五人至二十一人，採任期制，以校長為主任委員，其中女性委員應占委員總數二分之一以上，並得聘具性別平等意識之教師代表、職工代表、家長代表、學生代表及性別平等教育相關領域之專家學者為委員。
前項性別平等教育委員會每學期應至少開會一次，並應由專人處理有關業務；其組織、會議及其他相關事項，由學校定之。
Article 10 　 The competent authority at central, municipal, county or city shall designate budgeting in accordance with all the projects planned by its gender equity education committee.

第 10 條　中央、直轄市、縣 (市) 主管機關及學校每年應參考所設之性別平等教育委員會所擬各項實施方案編列經費預算。
Article 11 　
The competent authority shall supervise schools, social education institutions, or institutions under its jurisdiction to carry out tasks pertinent to gender equity education, as well as provide assistance where necessary. Those who accomplish significant achievements shall be awarded, whereas those who have substandard achievements shall be corrected and supervised for improvement.

第 11 條　主管機關應督導考核所主管學校、社教機構或下級機關辦理性別平等教育相關工作，並提供必要之協助；其績效優良者，應給予獎勵，績效不良者，應予糾正並輔導改進。

Chapter 2 Learning environment and resources
第二章學習環境與資源

Article 12 　
The school shall provide a gender-fair learning environment and establish a safe campus environment.
The school shall respect the gender temperaments and sexual orientation of students, faculty and staff.
The school shall erect regulations to implement gender equity education, and promulgate them.
第 12 條　
學校應提供性別平等之學習環境，建立安全之校園空間。
學校應尊重學生與教職員工之性別特質及性傾向。
學校應訂定性別平等教育實施規定，並公告周知。
Article 13 　
The school shall not discriminate against prospective students and their admission acceptance on the basis of their gender or sexual orientation. This dose not apply to schools, classes and curricula with historical tradition, special education missions, or other non-gender related reasons, upon the approval of the competent authority.

第 13 條　學校之招生及就學許可不得有性別或性傾向之差別待遇。但基於歷史傳統、特定教育目標或其他非因性別因素之正當理由，經該管主管機關核准而
設置之學校、班級、課程者，不在此限。
Article 14 　
The school shall not discriminate against students on the basis of their gender or sexual orientation in its teaching, activities, assessments, award and punishment, welfare and services. This does not apply to matters only suitable for specific gender.
The school shall affirmatively provide assistance to students who are disadvantaged due to their gender or sexual orientation in order to improve their situation.
The school shall affirmatively protect rights to education of pregnant students, as well as provide assistance where necessary.

第 14 條　
學校不得因學生之性別或性傾向而給予教學、活動、評量、獎懲、福利及服務上之差別待遇。但性質僅適合特定性別者，不在此限。
學校對因性別或性傾向而處於不利處境之學生應積極提供協助，以改善其處境。
學校應積極維護懷孕學生之受教權，並提供必要之協助。
Article 15 　 Gender equity education shall be included in pre-service training of staff members, orientation training of new staff members, in-service education program and preparation program for educational administrators, the same in professional teacher training programs in colleges and universities.

第 15 條　教職員工之職前教育、新進人員培訓、在職進修及教育行政主管人員之儲訓課程，應納入性別平等教育之內容；其中師資培育之大學之教育專業課，應有性別平等教育相關課程。
Article 16 　
At least one-third of members of Staff Appraisal Committee, Grievance Review Committee, and Faculty Evaluation Committee at the school level, as well as the Faculty Grievance Review Committee of the competent authority at the central, municipal and county or city level, shall consist of either sex. This requirement need not apply to schools whose number of faculty members of either sex is lower than one-third of the total number of Faculty Evaluation Committee members.
The school and competent authority shall complete reorganization of committees according to the aforesaid regulations within one year from the effective date of this Act.　
第 16 條　學校之考績委員會、申訴評議委員會、教師評審委員會及中央與直轄市、縣 (市) 主管機關之教師申訴評議委員會之組成，任一性別委員應占委員總數三分之一以上。但學校之考績委員會及教師評審委員會因該校任一性別教師人數少於委員總數三分之一者，不在此限。
學校或主管機關相關組織未符合前項規定者，應自本法施行之日起一年內完成改組。

Chapter 3 Curriculum, teaching materials and instruction
第三章課程、教材與教學

Article 17 　
The school shall design curriculum and activities to encourage students to develop their potential and shall not discriminate students on the basis of their gender.　
Elementary and junior high schools, in addition to integrating gender equity education into their curriculum, shall provide at least four hours of courses or activities on gender equity education each semester.
Senior high schools shall integrate gender equity education in their curriculum, the same as the five-year junior colleges in the first three years of their curriculum.
Universities and colleges shall offer a wide range of courses on gender studies.　
Schools shall develop course planning and assessment methods in accordance to principles of gender equity education.

第 17 條　學校之課程設置及活動設計，應鼓勵學生發揮潛能，不得因性別而有差別待遇。
國民中小學除應將性別平等教育融入課程外，每學期應實施性別平等教育相關課程或活動至少四小時。
高級中等學校及專科學校五年制前三年應將性別平等教育融入課程。
大專校院應廣開性別研究相關課程。
學校應發展符合性別平等之課程規劃與評量方式。
Article 18 　 The compilation, composition, review and selection of course materials shall comply with the principles of gender equity education. The content of teaching materials shall present fairly on the historical contributions, life experiences of both sexes, and diverse gender perspectives. .

第 18 條　學校教材之編寫、審查及選用，應符合性別平等教育原則；教材內容應平衡反映不同性別之歷史貢獻及生活經驗，並呈現多元之性別觀點。
Article 19 　
When using teaching materials and engaging in educational activities, teachers shall maintain gender equity consciousness, eliminate gender stereotypes, and avoid gender prejudice and discrimination.
Teachers shall encourage students to take courses in fields that are not traditionally affiliated with their gender.

第 19 條　教師使用教材及從事教育活動時，應具備性別平等意識，破除性別刻板印象，避免性別偏見及性別歧視。
教師應鼓勵學生修習非傳統性別之學科領域。
Chapter 4 Prevention and handling of sexual assault and sexual harassment on campus

第四章校園性侵害或性騷擾之防治

Article 20 　
The central competent authority shall prescribe regulations to prevent and handle sexual assault or sexual harassment on campus.　Such regulations shall contain campus safety plans, matters needing attention regarding instruction and interpersonal interaction on and off campus, and handling mechanisms, procedures, and relief for a case of sexual assault or sexual harassment on campus.
The school shall prescribe and promulgate prevention and handling regulations for the aforesaid regulations.
第 20 條　
為預防與處理校園性侵害或性騷擾事件，中央主管機關應訂定校園性侵害或性騷擾之防治準則；其內容應包括學校安全規劃、校內外教學與人際互動注意事項、校園性侵害或性騷擾之處理機制、程序及救濟方法。
學校應依前項準則訂定防治規定，並公告周知。

Article 21 　
In its handling of a campus sexual assault or sexual harassment case, the school or competent authority shall fulfill its report responsibility in accordance to pertinent laws and regulations. The school or competent authority shall turn over the case to its gender equity education committee for investigation and handling.

第 21 條　學校或主管機關處理校園性侵害或性騷擾事件，除依相關法律或法規規定通報外，並應將該事件交由所設之性別平等教育委員會調查處理。

Article 22 　
In its handling of campus sexual assault or sexual harassment cases, the school or competent authority shall be objective, fair and professional, allowing both involved parties sufficient opportunities to make their statement and plea.　Repeated interrogation shall be avoided.
The party's and offense-reporter's name and other information that may lead to personal identification shall be kept confidential, except for investigation necessity or public safety concerns.
第 22 條　
學校或主管機關調查處理校園性侵害或性騷擾事件時，應秉持客觀、公正、專業之原則，給予雙方當事人充分陳述意見及答辯之機會。但應避免重複詢問。
當事人及檢舉人之姓名或其他足以辨識身分之資料，除有調查之必要或基於公共安全之考量者外，應予保密。
Article 23 　
In its handling of a campus sexual assault or sexual harassment case, the school or competent authority shall deploy necessary measures for the protection of the involved party's rights to education or work.

第 23 條　學校或主管機關於調查處理校園性侵害或性騷擾事件期間，得採取必要之處置，以保障當事人之受教權或工作權。
Article 24 　
In its handling a campus sexual assault or harassment case, the school or competent authority shall inform the victim or his or her guardian of his or her rights and relief, or refer him or her to related institutions. Psychological counseling, protection measures or other assistance shall be provided where necessary.

第 24 條　學校或主管機關處理校園性侵害或性騷擾事件，應告知被害人或其法定代理人其得主張之權益及各種救濟途徑，或轉介至相關機構處理，必要時，應提供心理輔導、保護措施或其他協助。

Article 25 　
Once a campus sexual assault and harassment case has been investigated and established, the school or competent authority shall impose punishment on the offender, or transfer him or her to other authority institutes for punishment in accordance to pertinent laws or regulations.
In its punishment of a sexual harassment offender, the school, competent authority or other authority institute may impose one or more of the followings on the offender:
1. Apologize to the victim upon the consent of the victim or his or her guardian;
2. Attend eight hours of courses on gender equity education;
3. Receive psychological counseling;
4. Prescribe other measures that comply with educational purposes.
In the case of the punishment in the first paragraph, the offender shall be allowed an opportunity to make a written statement when his or her status is changed.
第 25 條　
校園性侵害或性騷擾事件經學校或主管機關調查屬實後，應依相關法律或法規規定自行或將加害人移送其他權責機關懲處。
學校、主管機關或其他權責機關為性騷擾事件之懲處時，並得命加害人為下列一款或數款之處置：
一、經被害人或其法定代理人之同意，向被害人道歉。
二、接受八小時之性別平等教育相關課程。
三、接受心理輔導。
四、其他符合教育目的之措施。
第一項懲處涉及加害人身分之改變時，應給予其書面陳述意見之機會.

Article 26 　
During the investigation of a campus sexual assault or sexual harassment case, the school or competent authority may make public a description of pertinent matters, handling methods, and principles where necessary. After the case has been closed and upon the approval of the victim or his or her guardian, the school or competent authority may also make public whether the case is established, the type of the case, and handling method of the case.　Party names and other information that may lead to their identification shall not be revealed.
。

第 26 條　
學校或主管機關調查校園性侵害或性騷擾事件過程中，得視情況就相關事項、處理方式及原則予以說明，並得於事件處理完成後，經被害人或其法定代理人之同意，將事件之有無、樣態及處理方式予以公布。但不得揭露當事人之姓名或其他足以識別其身分之資料。

Article 27 　
The school or competent authority shall establish a database on cases of sexual assault or sexual harassment on campus, as well as profiles of offenders.
When the aforesaid offender transfers to another school for studies or employment, the former competent authority and the school where the offender worked or studied shall notify the new school where the offender works or studies within one month from the date of knowing such transfer.
The notified school shall keep track of the offender and provide counseling where necessary.　The school shall not reveal the offender's name or other information that may lead to his or her identification without legitimate reason.

第 27 條　
學校或主管機關應建立校園性侵害或性騷擾事件及加害人之檔案資料。
前項加害人轉至其他學校就讀或服務時，主管機關及原就讀或服務之學校應於知悉後一個月內，通報加害人現就讀或服務之學校。
接獲前項通報之學校，應對加害人實施必要之追蹤輔導，非有正當理由，並不得公布加害人之姓名或其他足以識別其身分之資料。
Chapter 5 Application for investigation and relief
第五章申請調查及救濟

Article 28 　
When the school violates regulations in this Act, the victim or his or her guardian may apply for an investigation to the competent authority supervising the school. The victim of a campus sexual assault or sexual harassment or his or her guardian may apply for an investigation in writing to the offender's school.　If the offender is the head of the school, the investigation application shall be made to the competent authority supervising the school.
Anyone with the knowledge of the events mentioned in the preceding two paragraphs may report them to the school or competent authority according to prescribed procedures.

第 28 條　
學校違反本法規定時，被害人或其法定代理人得向學校所屬主管機關申請調查。
校園性侵害或性騷擾事件之被害人或其法定代理人得以書面向行為人所屬學校申請調查。但學校之首長為加害人時，應向學校所屬主管機關申請調查。
任何人知悉前二項之事件時，得依其規定程序向學校或主管機關檢舉之。

Article 29 　
After receiving an application for investigation or an offense report, the school or competent authority shall send a written notification to the applicant or offense-reporter within twenty days to notify him or her whether the application is accepted.
The school or competent authority shall reject the application or offense report if one of the followings applies:
1. Events not prescribed in the regulations of this Act;
2. Applicants or offense-reporters who do not provide their real names;
3. A case that has already been handled and closed.
The notification in the preceding paragraph shall explain the reason of its rejection in writing.
If the applicant or offense-reporter does not receive a notification of application acceptance or rejection within the time frame mentioned in the first paragraph may reapply in writing to the school or competent authority within twenty days from the date following the notification is received. .

第 29 條　
學校或主管機關於接獲調查申請或檢舉時，應於二十日內以書面通知申請人或檢舉人是否受理。
學校或主管機關於接獲調查申請或檢舉時，有下列情形之一者，應不予受理：
一、非屬本法所規定之事項者。
二、申請人或檢舉人未具真實姓名。
三、同一事件已處理完畢者。
前項不受理之書面通知，應敘明理由。
申請人或檢舉人於第一項之期限內未收到通知或接獲不受理通知之次日起
二十日內，得以書面具明理由，向學校或主管機關申復。

Article 30 　
After receiving an application or offense report mentioned in the first paragraph of the preceding Article, the school or competent authority shall turn over the case to its Gender Equity Education Committee within three days for investigation and handling, except when the second paragraph of the preceding Article applies.
The Gender Equity Education Committee of the school or competent authority may form an investigation team for the aforesaid case.
Members of the aforesaid team shall have gender equity consciousness, and more than half of members shall be women. Part of the members may be invited from outside the school when necessary. At least one-third of the investigation team at the school level and at least one half at the competent authority level shall be composed of experts or scholars specialized in the investigation of such cases. The investigation team shall include representative(s) of the applicant's school when the two parties of the case belong to different schools.
When the Gender Equity Education Committee or investigation team carries an investigation according to the regulations prescribed by this Act, the offender, applicant and persons or offices who are invited to assist the investigation shall cooperate and provide pertinent information.
Pertinent regulations in the Administrative Procedure Law regarding jurisdiction, transfer, avoidance, service and rectification shall be applied or applies mutatis mutandis in this Act.
The Gender Equity Education Committee shall not be affected by the judicial procedures of the case in its investigation and handling of a case.
The Gender Equity Education Committee shall take into account the difference in power between the two parties in its investigation and handling of a case.

第 30 條　
學校或主管機關接獲前條第一項之申請或檢舉後，除有前條第二項所定事由外，應於三日內交由所設之性別平等教育委員會調查處理。
學校或主管機關之性別平等教育委員會處理前項事件時，得成立調查小組調查之。
前項小組成員應具性別平等意識，女性人數比例，應占成員總數二分之一以上，必要時，部分小組成員得外聘。處理校園性侵害或性騷擾事件所成立之調查小組，其成員中具性侵害或性騷擾事件調查專業素養之專家學者之人數比例於學校應占成員總數三分之一以上，於主管機關應占成員總數二分之一以上；雙方當事人分屬不同學校時，並應有申請人學校代表。
性別平等教育委員會或調查小組依本法規定進行調查時，行為人、申請人及受邀協助調查之人或單位，應予配合，並提供相關資料。
行政程序法有關管轄、移送、迴避、送達、補正等相關規定，於本法適用或準用之。
性別平等教育委員會之調查處理，不受該事件司法程序進行之影響。
性別平等教育委員會為調查處理時，應衡酌雙方當事人之權力差距。

Article 31 　
The Gender Equity Education Committee of the school or competent authority shall complete its investigation of a case within two months from the date the application or offense report is accepted. The investigation may be extended at most twice if necessary, and each extension may not exceed one-month's time. The applicant, offense-reporter and offender shall be notified of the extension.
After the investigation is complete, the Gender Equity Education Committee shall submit a written report to its school or competent authority regarding the investigation and suggestions for handling.
After receiving the aforesaid investigation report, the school or competent authority shall put forth a disposition or turn it over to the pertinent authority for a decision within two months according to this Act or pertinent laws or regulations.　The school or competent authority shall notify in writing the applicant, offense-reporter and offender of its handling conclusion, facts established and grounds.
Before reaching the aforesaid conclusion, the school or competent authority may request representative(s) of its Gender Equity Education Committee to attend the meeting for clarification.

第 31 條　
學校或主管機關性別平等教育委員會應於受理申請或檢舉後二個月內完成調查。必要時，得延長之，延長以二次為限，每次不得逾一個月，並應通知申請人、檢舉人及行為人。
性別平等教育委員會調查完成後，應將調查報告及處理建議，以書面向其所屬學校或主管機關提出報告。
學校或主管機關應於接獲前項調查報告後二個月內，自行或移送相關權責機關依本法或相關法律或法規規定議處，並將處理之結果，以書面載明事實及理由通知申請人、檢舉人及行為人。
學校或主管機關為前項議處前，得要求性別平等教育委員會之代表列席說明。
Article 32 　
If not agreeing with the conclusion referred to the third paragraph of the preceding Article, the applicant and offender may apply in writing with grounds for reapplication within twenty days from the date following the date of receipt of the written notification. .
The aforesaid reapplication may be made only once.
The school or competent authority may request its Gender Equity Education Committee to reinvestigate the case under the conditions that major flaws in the investigation procedure, or new facts or evidences that would affect the investigation are discovered.

第 32 條　
申請人及行為人對於前條第三項處理之結果有不服者，得於收到書面通知次日起二十日內，以書面具明理由向學校或主管機關申復。
前項申復以一次為限。
學校或主管機關發現調查程序有重大瑕疵或有足以影響原調查認定之新事實、新證據時，得要求性別平等教育委員會重新調查。
Article 33 　
After receiving request for reinvestigation from the school or competent authority, the Gender Equity Education Committee shall organize a new investigation team, whose investigation and handling procedures shall follow pertinent regulations prescribed by this Act.

第 33 條　性別平等教育委員會於接獲前條學校或主管機關重新調查之要求時，應另組調查小組；其調查處理程序，依本法之相關規定。
Article 34 　
If not satisfied with the disposition of the reapplication, the applicant or offender may petition for relief according to the following regulations within thirty days from the date following the date of receipt of the written notification.:
1. Public and private school principals and teachers: regulations prescribed by the Teacher's Act shall apply;
2. Civil service employees in public schools who are hired according to the Civil Service Employment Act and employees hired before the effective date (May 3rd, 1985) of the Statute for Appointment of Educational Personnel:　regulations prescribed by the Civil Servant Protection Act shall apply;
3. Private school staff: regulations prescribed by the Gender Equality in Employment Act shall apply;
4. Public and private school workers: regulations prescribed by the Gender Equality in Employment Act shall apply;
5. Public and private school students: regulations prescribed by the school shall apply.

第 34 條　
申請人或行為人對學校或主管機關之申復結果不服，得於接獲書面通知書之次日起三十日內，依下列規定提起救濟：
一、公私立學校校長、教師：依教師法之規定。
二、公立學校依公務人員任用法任用之職員及中華民國七十四年五月三日教育人員任用條例施行前未納入銓敘之職員：依公務人員保障法之規定。
三、私立學校職員：依性別工作平等法之規定。
四、公私立學校工友：依性別工作平等法之規定。
五、公私立學校學生：依規定向所屬學校提起申訴。

Article 35 　
The school or competent authority shall establish facts relevant to cases prescribed by the Act according to the investigation report provided by its Gender Equity Education Committee.
The court shall consult the investigation reports provided by the Gender Equity Education Committee at different levels in establishing facts referred to in the preceding paragraph.

第 35 條　
學校及主管機關對於與本法事件有關之事實認定，應依據其所設性別平等教育委員會之調查報告。
法院對於前項事實之認定，應審酌各級性別平等教育委員會之調查報告。

Chapter 6 Penal Provision
第六章罰則
Article 36 　
School violating Article 13, Article 14, the second paragraph of Article 20, Paragraph 2to Article 22, or Paragraph 3 to Article 27 shall be subjected to a fine not less than 10,000 New Taiwan Dollars and not more than 100,000 New Taiwan Dollars.
An offender who violates the fourth Paragraph of Article 30 without legitimate reasons shall be subjected to a fine not less than 10,000 New Taiwan Dollars and not more than 50,000 New Taiwan Dollars. Consecutive fine may be made until he or she cooperates or provides pertinent information.

第 36 條　
學校違反第十三條、第十四條、第十六條、第二十條第二項、第二十二條第二項或第二十七條第三項規定者，應處新臺幣一萬元以上十萬元以下罰鍰。
行為人違反第三十條第四項規定而無正當理由者，由學校報請主管機關處新臺幣一萬元以上五萬元以下罰鍰，並得連續處罰至其配合或提供相關資料為止。

Chapter 7 Supplementary Provisions

第七章附則
Article 37 　 Enforcement Rules for this Act shall be drawn by the central competent authority.

第 37 條　本法施行細則，由中央主管機關定之。
Article 38 　 This Act will take effect as of the date of promulgation.

第 38 條　本法自公布日施行。

by WAN-LI YANG 楊婉莉整理

性別平等工作法 Gender Equality in Employment Act

2010-07-05T19:58:00.001-07:00

性別工作平等法 (修正日期民國 97 年 11 月 26 日 )
Gender Equality in Employment Act (2008.11.26 )

Chapter I　General Provisions
第一章總則

Article 1
　
To protect gender equality of right to work, implement thoroughly the constitutional mandate of eliminating sex discrimination, and promote the spirit of substantial gender equality, the Act is hereby enacted.
第 1 條: 為保障性別工作權之平等，貫徹憲法消除性別歧視、促進性別地位實質平等之精神，爰制定本法。

Article 2
Arrangements made by employers and employees that are superior to those provided for by the Act shall be respected.
The Act is applicable to public personnel, educational personnel and military personnel, provided that, Articles 33, 34 and 38 of the Act shall not be included.
Complaints, remedies and processing procedures for public personnel, educational personnel and military personnel shall be handled in accordance with respective statutes and regulations governing personnel matters.
第 2 條
雇主與受僱者之約定優於本法者，從其約定。
本法於公務人員、教育人員及軍職人員，亦適用之。但第三十三條、第三十四條及第三十八條之規定，不在此限。
公務人員、教育人員及軍職人員之申訴、救濟及處理程序，依各該人事法令之規定。

Article 3
The terms used in the Act shall be defined as follows:
1.Employee means a person who is hired by an employer to do a job for which wage is paid.
2.Applicant means a person who is applying a job from an employer.
3.Employer means a person, a public or private entity or authority that hires an employee. A person who represents an employer to exercise managerial authority or who represents an employer in dealing with employee matters is deemed to be an employer.
4.Wage means compensation which an employee receives for his or her work, including wages, salaries, premiums, fringe benefits and other regular payments under whatever name which are payable in cash or in kind, or computed on an hourly, daily, monthly or on a piece-work basis.

第 3 條
本法用辭定義如下：
一、受僱者：謂受雇主僱用從事工作獲致薪資者。
二、求職者：謂向雇主應徵工作之人。
三、雇主：謂僱用受僱者之人、公私立機構或機關。代表雇主行使管理權
之人或代表雇主處理有關受僱者事務之人，視同雇主。
四、薪資：謂受僱者因工作而獲得之報酬；包括薪資、薪金及按計時、計日、計月、計件以現金或實物等方式給付之獎金、津貼及其他任何名義之經常性給與。

Article 4
The term competent authorities used in the Act are referred to the Council of Labor Affair of the Executive Yuan at the central government level, the municipal governments at the municipal government level, and the county/city governments at the county/city level.

Matters stipulated in the Act which are concerned with the competences of the competent authorities for other purposes shall be handled by those authorities for other purposes.

第 4 條
本法所稱主管機關：在中央為行政院勞工委員會；在直轄市為直轄市政府；在縣 (市) 為縣 (市) 政府。
本法所定事項，涉及各目的事業主管機關職掌者，由各該目的事業主管機關辦理。

Article 5
In order to examine, consult and promote matters concerning gender equality in employment, the competent authorities at each government level shall set up committees on gender equality in employment.
The committees on gender equality in employment referred to in the preceding Paragraph shall have five to eleven members with a term of two years. They shall be selected from persons with related expertise on labor affairs, gender issues or with legal backgrounds. Among them, two members shall be recommended by workers' and female organizations respectively. The number of female members of the committees shall be over one-half of the total membership.
Matters concerning the organization, meeting and other related issues of the committees referred to in the preceding Paragraph shall be drawn up by the competent authorities at each government level.
In the case of local competent authorities which have already set up commissions on employment discrimination, they may handle the related matters referred to in this Act, provided that, the composition of these commissions shall be in accordance with the provisions of the preceding Paragraph.
第 5 條
為審議、諮詢及促進性別工作平等事項，各級主管機關應設性別工作平等會。
前項性別工作平等會應置委員五人至十一人，任期兩年，由具備勞工事務、性別問題之相關學識經驗或法律專業人士擔任之，其中經勞工團體、女性團體推薦之委員各二人，女性委員人數應占全體委員人數二分之一以上。
前項性別工作平等會組織、會議及其他相關事項，由各級主管機關另定之。
地方主管機關如設有就業歧視評議委員會，亦得由該委員會處理相關事宜。該會之組成應符合第二項之規定。

Article 6
　
For the purpose of promoting employment opportunities for women, the competent authorities at the municipal, country (or city) government level shall prepare and earmark necessary budgets to provide various occupational training, employment service and re-employment training programs for them. During these training and service periods, child-care, elder-care and other related welfare facilities shall be set up or provided for.
The Central Competent Authority may provide financial assistances for those competent authorities at the municipal, country (or city) government level that have provided occupational training, employment service and re-employment training programs, and set up or provide child-care, elder-care and other related welfare facilities during those training and service periods mentioned in the preceding Paragraph.

第 6 條
直轄市及縣（市）主管機關為婦女就業之需要應編列經費，辦理各類職業訓練、就業服務及再就業訓練，並於該期間提供或設置托兒、托老及相關福利設施，以促進性別工作平等。
中央主管機關對直轄市及縣（市）主管機關辦理前項職業訓練、就業服務及再就業訓練，並於該期間提供或設置托兒、托老及相關福利措施，得給予經費補助。

Article 6-1
The scope of labor inspection being executed by the competent authorities shall include the content of prohibition of sex or sexual orientation discrimination, prevention and correction of sexual harassment, measures for promoting equality in employment of the Act.
第 6-1 條 :
主管機關應就本法所訂之性別、性傾向歧視之禁止、性騷擾之防治及促進工作平等措施納入勞動檢查項目。
Chapter II　Prohibition of Sex or Discrimination
第二章性別歧視之禁止

Article 7
Employers shall not treat applicants or employees discriminatorily because of their sex or sexual orientation in the course of recruitment, examination, appointment, assignment, designation, evaluation and promotion. However, if the nature of work only suitable to a special sex, the above-mentioned restriction shall not apply.
第 7 條
雇主對求職者或受僱者之招募、甄試、進用、分發、配置、考績或陞遷等，不得因性別或性傾向而有差別待遇。但工作性質僅適合特定性別者，不在此限。

Article 8
Employers shall not treat employees discriminatorily because of their sex or sexual orientation in the case of holding or providing education, training or other related activities.
第 8 條: 雇主為受僱者舉辦或提供教育、訓練或其他類似活動，不得因性別或性傾向而有差別待遇。

Article 9
Employers shall not treat employees discriminatorily because of their sex or sexual orientation in the case of holding or providing various welfare benefit measures.
第 9 條: 雇主為受僱者舉辦或提供各項福利措施，不得因性別或性傾向而有差別待遇。

Article 10
Employers shall not treat employees discriminatorily because of their sex or sexual orientation in the case of paying remuneration. Employees shall receive equal pay for equal work or equal value. However, if such differentials are the result of seniority systems, reward and punishment systems, merit systems or other justifiable reasons of non-sexual or non-sexual-orientation factors, the above-mentioned restriction shall not apply.
Employers may not adopt methods of reducing the remuneration of other employees in order to evade the stipulation of the preceding Paragraph.
第 10 條:
雇主對受僱者薪資之給付，不得因性別或性傾向而有差別待遇；其工作或價值相同者，應給付同等薪資。但基於年資、獎懲、績效或其他非因性別或性傾向因素之正當理由者，不在此限。
雇主不得以降低其他受僱者薪資之方式，規避前項之規定。

Article 11
　
Employers shall not treat employees discriminatorily because of their sex or sexual orientation in the case of retirement, severance, job leaving and termination.
Work rules, labor contracts and collective bargaining agreements shall not stipulate or arrange in advance that when employees marry, become pregnant, engages in child-birth or child-raising activities, they have to leave their jobs or apply for leave without payment. Employers also shall not use the above-mentioned factors as reasons for termination.
Any prescription or arrangement that contravenes the stipulations of the two preceding Paragraphs shall be deemed as null and void. The termination of the labor contract shall also be deemed as null and void.
第 11 條
雇主對受僱者之退休、資遣、離職及解僱，不得因性別或性傾向而有差別待遇。
工作規則、勞動契約或團體協約，不得規定或事先約定受僱者有結婚、懷孕、分娩或育兒之情事時，應行離職或留職停薪；亦不得以其為解僱之理由。
違反前二項規定者，其規定或約定無效；勞動契約之終止不生效力。

Chapter III　Prevention and Correction of Sexual Harassment
Article 12
Sexual harassment referred to in this Act shall mean one of the following circumstances:
(1) in the course of an employee executing his or her employment duties, any one makes a sexual request, uses verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature or with an intent of sex discrimination, causes him or her a hostile, intimidating and offensive working environment and infringes on or interferes with his or her personal dignity, physical liberty or affects his or her job performance.
(2) an employer explicitly or implicitly makes a sexual request toward an employee or an applicant, uses verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature or with an intent of sex discrimination as an exchange for the establishment, continuance, modification or assignment of a labor contract or as a condition to his or her designation, remuneration, personal evaluation, promotion, demotion, reward and punishment.

第三章性騷擾之防治
第 12 條
　
本法所稱性騷擾，謂下列二款情形之一：
一、受僱者於執行職務時，任何人以性要求、具有性意味或性別歧視之言詞或行為，對其造成敵意性、脅迫性或冒犯性之工作環境，致侵犯或干擾其人格尊嚴、人身自由或影響其工作表現。
二、雇主對受僱者或求職者為明示或暗示之性要求、具有性意味或性別歧視之言詞或行為，作為勞務契約成立、存續、變更或分發、配置、報酬、考績、陞遷、降調、獎懲等之交換條件。

Article 13
　
Employers shall prevent and correct sexual harassment from occurrence. For employers hiring over thirty employees, measures for preventing and correcting sexual harassment, related complaint procedures and punishment measures shall be established. All these measures mentioned above shall be openly displayed in the workplace.
When employers know of the occurrence of sexual harassment mentioned in the preceding Article, immediate and effective correctional and remedial measures shall be implemented.
Related guidelines concerning preventive and correctional measures, complaint procedures, and punishment measures mentioned in the preceding Paragraph shall be drawn up by the Central Competent Authority.
第 13 條
　
雇主應防治性騷擾行為之發生。其僱用受僱者三十人以上者，應訂定性騷擾防治措施、申訴及懲戒辦法，並在工作場所公開揭示。
雇主於知悉前條性騷擾之情形時，應採取立即有效之糾正及補救措施。
第一項性騷擾防治措施、申訴及懲戒辦法之相關準則，由中央主管機關定之。
Chapter IV　Measures for Promoting Equality in Employment
第四章促進工作平等措施

Article 14
When female employees encounter job difficulty because of menstruation, they may request a menstruation leave for one day in one month. The number of this leave shall be incorporated into sickness leave.
The computation of wage of a menstruation leave shall be made pursuant to the related statutes and administrative regulations governing sickness leave.
第 14 條
女性受僱者因生理日致工作有困難者，每月得請生理假一日，其請假日數併入病假計算。
生理假薪資之計算，依各該病假規定辦理。

Article 15
　
Employers shall stop female employees from working and grant them a maternity leave before and after childbirth for a combined period of eight weeks. In the case of a miscarriage after being pregnant for more than three months, the female employee shall be permitted to discontinue work and shall be granted a maternity leave for four weeks. In the case of a miscarriage after being pregnant for over two months and less than three months, the female employee shall be permitted to discontinue work and shall be granted a maternity leave for one week. In the case of a miscarriage after being pregnant for less than two months, the female employee shall be permitted to discontinue work and shall be granted a maternity leave for five days.

The computation of wage during maternity period shall be made pursuant to the related statutes and administrative regulations.
While employees' spouses are in labor, their employers shall grant them three days off as a fraternity leave.
During the preceding fraternity leave period, wage shall be paid.
第 15 條
雇主於女性受僱者分娩前後，應使其停止工作，給予產假八星期；妊娠三個月以上流產者，應使其停止工作，給予產假四星期；妊娠二個月以上未滿三個月流產者，應使其停止工作，給予產假一星期；妊娠未滿二個月流產者，應使其停止工作，給予產假五日。
產假期間薪資之計算，依相關法令之規定。
受僱者於其配偶分娩時，雇主應給予陪產假三日。
陪產假期間工資照給。

Article 16
After being in service for one year, employees may apply for parental leave without payment before any of their children reach the age of three years old. The period of this leave is until their children reach the age of three years old but cannot exceed two years. When employees are raising over two children at the same time, the period of their parental leave shall be computed aggregately, provided that, the maximum period shall be limited to two years the youngest one has received raising.
During the period of parental leave without payment, employees may participate in the original social insurance programs continuously. Premiums originally paid by the employers shall be exempted and premiums originally paid by the employees may be postponed consecutively for three years.
Payment of subsidies for parental leave shall be prescribed by other statutes.
The measures for implementing matters concerning parental leave shall be drawn up by the Central Competent Authority.
第 16 條
受僱者任職滿一年後，於每一子女滿三歲前，得申請育嬰留職停薪，期間至該子女滿三歲止，但不得逾二年。同時撫育子女二人以上者，其育嬰留職停薪期間應合併計算，最長以最幼子女受撫育二年為限。
受僱者於育嬰留職停薪期間，得繼續參加原有之社會保險，原由雇主負擔之保險費，免予繳納；原由受僱者負擔之保險費，得遞延三年繳納。
育嬰留職停薪津貼之發放，另以法律定之。
育嬰留職停薪實施辦法，由中央主管機關定之。

Article 17
　
After the expiration of the parental leave referred to in the preceding Article, employees may apply for reinstatement. Unless one of the following conditions exists and after receiving permission from a competent authority, employers may not reject such application:
(1) Where the employers' businesses are suspended, or there are operating losses, or business contractions.(2) Where the employers change the organization of their businesses, disband or transfer their ownership to others pursuant to other statutes.(3) Where force majeure necessitates the suspension of business for more than one month.(4) Where the change of the nature of business necessitates the reduction of workforce and the terminated employees cannot be reassigned to other suitable positions.
In the case of employers cannot reinstate employees due to the causes referred to in the preceding Paragraph, they shall give notice to the affected employees thirty days in advance and offer severance or retirement payments in accordance with legal standards.
第 17 條
前條受僱者於育嬰留職停薪期滿後，申請復職時，除有下列情形之一，並經主管機關同意者外，雇主不得拒絕：
一、歇業、虧損或業務緊縮者。
二、雇主依法變更組織、解散或轉讓者。
三、不可抗力暫停工作在一個月以上者。
四、業務性質變更，有減少受僱者之必要，又無適當工作可供安置者。
雇主因前項各款原因未能使受僱者復職時，應於三十日前通知之，並應依法定標準發給資遣費或退休金。

Article 18
Where employees are required to feed his or her baby of less than one year of age in person, in addition to the rest period stipulated, their employers shall permit them to do so twice a day, each for thirty minutes.
The feeding time referred to in the preceding Paragraph shall be deemed as working time.
第 18 條
子女未滿一歲須受僱者親自哺乳者，除規定之休息時間外，雇主應每日另給哺乳時間二次，每次以三十分鐘為度。
前項哺乳時間，視為工作時間。

Article 19
　
For the purpose of raising children of less than three years of age, employees hired by employers with more than thirty employees may request one of the following from their employers:(1) to reduce working time one hour per day; and for the reduced working time, no remuneration shall be paid.(2) To adjust working time.

第 19 條
受僱於僱用三十人以上雇主之受僱者，為撫育未滿三歲子女，得向雇主請求為下列二款事項之一：
一、每天減少工作時間一小時；減少之工作時間，不得請求報酬。
二、調整工作時間。

Article 20
　
For the purpose of taking personal care for family members who need inoculation, who suffer serious illness or who must handle other major events, employees hired by employers with more than five employees may request a family leave. The number of this leave shall be incorporated into normal leave and not exceed seven days in one year.
The computation of wage during family leave period shall be made pursuant to the related statutes and administrative regulations governing normal leave.
第 20 條
受僱於僱用五人以上雇主之受僱者，於其家庭成員預防接種、發生嚴重之疾病或其他重大事故須親自照顧時，得請家庭照顧假；其請假日數併入事假計算，全年以七日為限。
家庭照顧假薪資之計算，依各該事假規定辦理。

Article 21
　
When employees make a request pursuant to the stipulations of the preceding seven Articles, employers may not reject.
When employees make a request pursuant to the preceding Paragraph, employers may not treat it as a non-attendance and affect adversely the employees' full-attendance bonus payments, personal evaluation or take any disciplinary action that is adverse to the employees.
第 21 條
受僱者依前七條之規定為請求時，雇主不得拒絕。
受僱者為前項之請求時，雇主不得視為缺勤而影響其全勤獎金、考績或為其他不利之處分。

Article 22
　
In the case of spouses of employees who are not engaged in any gainful employment, the stipulations of Articles 16 to 20 of the Act shall not apply, provided that, the employees have justifiable reasons.
第 22 條: 受僱者之配偶未就業者，不適用第十六條及第二十條之規定。但有正當理由者，不在此限。

Article 23
　
Employers hiring more than two hundred and fifty employees shall set up child care facilities or provide suitable child care measures.
Competent authorities shall provide financial assistance for those employers who have set up child-care facilities or provide suitable child care measures for their employees.
The standards of setting up child care facilities, providing child care measures and matters related to financial assistance shall be drawn up by the Central Competent Authority after consulting with other related public authorities.
第 23 條
僱用受僱者二百五十人以上之雇主，應設置托兒設施或提供適當之托兒措施。
主管機關對於雇主設置托兒設施或提供托兒措施，應給予經費補助。
有關托兒設施、措施之設置標準及經費補助辦法，由中央主管機關會商有關機關定之。

Article 24
　
For the purpose of assisting those employees who have left their jobs due to the reasons of marriage, pregnancy, child-birth, child-care or taking personal care of their families, competent authorities at each government level shall adopt employment service, occupational training and other necessary measures for them.

第 24 條:主管機關為協助因結婚、懷孕、分娩、育兒或照顧家庭而離職之受僱者獲得再就業之機會，應採取就業服務、職業訓練及其他必要之措施。

Article 25
　
For those employers who hire the employees who have left their jobs due to the reasons of marriage, pregnancy, child-birth, child-care or taking personal care of their families and with outstanding results, competent authorities at each government level may provide suitable rewarding measures for them.
第 25 條: 雇主僱用因結婚、懷孕、分娩、育兒或照顧家庭而離職之受僱者成效卓著者，主管機關得給予適當之獎勵。

Chapter V　Remedies and Appeal Procedures
第五章救濟及申訴程序

Article 26
When employees or applicants are damaged by the employment practices referred to in Articles 7 to 11 or Article 21 of the Act, the employers shall be liable for any damage arising therefrom.
第 26 條:受僱者或求職者因第七條至第十一條或第二十一條之情事，受有損害者，雇主應負賠償責任。

Article 27
　
When employees or applicants are damaged by the employment practices referred to in Article 12 of the Act, the employers and the harassers shall be jointly liable to make compensations. However, the employers are not liable for the damages if they can proof that they have complied with this Act and provide all preventive and correctional measures required, and they have exercised necessary care in preventing damage from occurring but they still happen.

If compensations cannot be obtained by the injured parties pursuant to the stipulations of the preceding Paragraph, the court may, on their application, taking into consideration the financial conditions of the employers and the injured parties, order the employers to compensate for a part or the whole of the damage.

The employers who have made compensations have rights of recourse against the harassers.
第 27 條
受僱者或求職者因第十二條之情事，受有損害者，由雇主及行為人連帶負損害賠償責任。但雇主證明其已遵行本法所定之各種防治性騷擾之規定，且對該事情之發生已盡力防止仍不免發生者，雇主不負賠償責任。
如被害人依前項但書之規定不能受損害賠償時，法院因其聲請，得斟酌雇主與被害人之經濟狀況，令雇主為全部或一部之損害賠償。
雇主賠償損害時，對於為性騷擾之行為人，有求償權。

Article 28
When employees or applicants are damaged because employers contravene the obligations referred to in Paragraph 2 to Article 13 of the Act, the employers shall be liable for any damage arising therefrom.
第 28 條: 受僱者或求職者因雇主違反第十三條第二項之義務，受有損害者，雇主應負賠償責任。

Article 29
In the case of circumstances referred to in the preceding three Articles, employees or applicants may claim reasonable amounts of compensation even for such damage that are not purely pecuniary losses. If their reputations have been damaged, the injured parties may also claim the taking of proper measures for the rehabilitation of their reputations.

第 29 條: 前三條情形，受僱者或求職者雖非財產上之損害，亦得請求賠償相當之金額。其名譽被侵害者，並得請求回復名譽之適當處分。

Article 30
　
The claim for damage arising from wrongful acts referred to in Articles 26 to 28 of the Act is extinguished by prescription, if not exercised in two years by the claimants become known of the damage or the obligees bound to make compensation. The same rule applies if ten years have elapsed from the date when the harassing conduct or other wrongful acts were committed.
第 30 條: 第二十六條至第二十八條之損害賠償請求權，自請求權人知有損害及賠償義務人時起，二年間不行使而消滅。自有性騷擾行為或違反各該規定之行為時起，逾十年者，亦同。

Article 31
　
After employees or applicants make prima facie statements of the discriminatory treatment, the employers shall shoulder the burden of proof of non-sexual or non-sexual-orientation factor of the discriminatory treatment, or the specific sexual factor for the employees or the applicants to perform the job.

第 31 條: 受僱者或求職者於釋明差別待遇之事實後，雇主應就差別待遇之非性別、性傾向因素，或該受僱者或求職者所從事工作之特定性別因素，負舉證責任。

Article 32
　
Employers may establish complaint systems to coordinate and handle the complaint filed by employees.
第 32 條: 雇主為處理受僱者之申訴，得建立申訴制度協調處理。

Article 33
　
When employees find out that employer contravene the stipulations of Articles 14 to 20 of the Act, they may appeal to the local competent authorities.
When they appeal to the Central Competent Authority, the Authority shall refer the appeals to the local competent authorities after it receives the appeal or within seven days after the date it has found out the above-mentioned contraventions.
Within seven days after the local competent authorities have received the appeals, they shall proceed to investigate and may mediate the matters for the related parties in accordance with their competences and authorities.
The measures for handling the appeals referred to in the preceding Paragraph shall be drawn up by the local competent authorities.
第 33 條
　
受僱者發現雇主違反第十四條至第二十條之規定時，得向地方主管機關申訴。
其向中央主管機關提出者，中央主管機關應於收受申訴案件，或發現有上開違反情事之日起七日內，移送地方主管機關。
地方主管機關應於接獲申訴後七日內展開調查，並得依職權對雙方當事人進行協調。
前項申訴處理辦法，由地方主管機關定之。

Article 34
　
After employees or applicants find out that employers contravene the stipulations of Articles 7 to 11, Article 13, Article 21, or Article 36 of the Act and appeals the matter to the local competent authorities, if the employers, employees or applicants are not satisfied with the decisions made by the local competent authorities, they may apply to the Committee on Gender Equality in Employment of the Central Competent Authority for examination or file an administrative appeal directly within ten days. If the employers, employees or applicants are not satisfied with the decisions made by the Committee on Gender Equality in Employment of the Central Competent Authority, they may file administrative appeals and proceed administrative lawsuits pursuant to the procedures of the Administrative Appeals Act and the Administrative Lawsuits Act.
The measures for handling the examination of the appeals referred to in the preceding Paragraph shall be drawn up by the Central Competent Authority.

第 34 條
　
受僱者或求職者發現雇主違反第七條至第十一條、第十三條、第二十一條或第三十六條規定時，向地方主管機關申訴後，雇主、受僱者或求職者對於地方主管機關所為之處分有異議時，得於十日內向中央主管機關性別工作平等會申請審議或逕行提起訴願。雇主、受僱者或求職者對於中央主管機關性別工作平等會所為之處分有異議時，得依訴願及行政訴訟程序，提起訴願及進行行政訴訟。
前項申訴審議處理辦法，由中央主管機關定之。

Article 35
When courts or competent authorities determines the facts of discriminatory treatments, they shall examine the investigation reports, rulings and decisions rendered by the committees on gender equality in employment.
第 35 條: 法院及主管機關對差別待遇事實之認定，應審酌性別工作平等會所為之調查報告、評議或處分。
Article 36
　
Employers may not terminate, transfer or take any disciplinary action that is adverse to employees who personally file complaints pursuant to the Act or assist other file complaints.

第 36 條:雇主不得因受僱者提出本法之申訴或協助他人申訴，而予以解僱、調職或其他不利之處分。

Article 37
　
The competent authorities shall provide necessary legal aid when employees or applicants who file lawsuits in courts because of any violation of the Act by their employers.

The measures for providing legal aid referred to in the preceding Paragraph shall be drawn up by the Central Competent Authority.

When employees or applicants file lawsuits referred to in the preceding Paragraph and apply for precautionary proceedings, the courts may reduce or exempt the amounts for security.

第 37 條
受僱者或求職者因雇主違反本法之規定，而向法院提出訴訟時，主管機關應提供必要之法律扶助。
前項法律扶助辦法，由中央主管機關定之。
受僱者或求職者為第一項訴訟而聲請保全處分時，法院得減少或免除供擔保之金額。

Chapter VI　Penal Provision第六章罰則

Article 38
Employers who violate the stipulations of Article 21, or Article 36 of the Act, shall be punished by administrative fines not less than 10,000 yuan but not exceeding 100,000 yuan.
第 38 條: 雇主違反第二十一條或第三十六條規定者，處新臺幣一萬元以上十萬元以下罰鍰。

Article 38-1
　
Employers who violate the stipulations of Articles 7 to 10, Paragraphs 1 and 2 to Article 11, the final part of Paragraph 1 and Paragraph 2 to Article 13 of the Act, shall be punished by administrative fines not less than 100,000 yuan but not exceeding 500,000 yuan.
第 38-1 條
　
雇主違反第七條至第十條、第十一條第一項、第二項或第十三條第一項後段、第二項規定者，處新臺幣十萬元以上五十萬元以下罰鍰。
Chapter VII　Supplementary Provisions
第七章附則

Article 39
　
The enforcement rules of the Act shall be drawn up by the Central Competent Authority.
第 39 條 :本法施行細則，由中央主管機關定之。

Article 40
　
The Act shall become effective on March 8, 2002.The effective date of revised article 16 made on December 19, 2007 shall be decided by the Executive Yuan.
第 40 條
本法自中華民國九十一年三月八日施行。
本法中華民國九十六年十二月十九日第十六條修正條文施行日期，由行政院定之。

2010.7.5 WAN-LI YANG整理

法律常見問題集02

2010-06-05T03:04:00.000-07:00

法律常見問題集02

9.如何辦理拋棄繼承
辦理拋棄繼承之手續:

壹、應準備之文件：
一、被繼承人死亡證明書或除戶戶籍謄本。
二、要辦理拋棄繼承之人的印鑑證明、戶籍謄本。
三、繼承系統表。
四、拋棄繼承之書面（可自行書寫聲明拋棄繼承之聲明書、拋棄書之類，只要聲明拋棄繼承之旨即可，不得附條件，簽名並需蓋用印鑑章）。
五、向因拋棄而成為應繼承之人為通知之證明。
六、備具「民事聲請狀（聲請拋棄繼承准予備查事）」向法院聲請辦理。

貳、辦理之程序：
一、以書面先行通知因拋棄而應為繼承之人：
雖法條是將以書面通知之規定定在「以書面向法院為之」之後，但是法院在接到當事人之民事聲請狀時，卻將是否已以書面通知因拋棄而應為繼承之人之「書面」，列為審查准許與否之必要文件，如有欠缺，則通知當事人就此應為補正，為使辦理之程序順暢，所以應先發出通知之書面，並將該書面一併附入聲請狀作為證據之一為妥。
最好是以存證信函為通知之證明(例稿內容參考: http://www.sunnylaw.com.tw/dead.htm)
二、製作拋棄繼承聲明書(例稿內容參考同上)
三、向法院提出民事書狀聲明拋棄繼承
四、繳費：聲請拋棄繼承應依非訟事件法之規定繳納非訟費用新台幣 1,000 元。

参辦理期限：應於知悉其得繼承之時起三個月內為之。所謂知悉得繼承之時，指知悉被繼承人死亡事實之時；後順序之繼承人因先順序之繼承人拋棄繼承，而得為繼承人者，則於知悉先順序繼承人拋棄繼承之事實起算。

肆、向法院送狀之後，如格式及證據文件沒有問題，則法院依法會回覆一紙通知函，待接獲法院該紙通知函時，即表示拋棄繼承之手續業已辦妥

參考網站:
1.※拋棄繼承權聲請狀、繼承系統表、繼承權拋棄通知書、繼承權拋棄通知書收據，有些法院服務中心備有例稿。 http://www.chungli.gov.tw/announce/announcex_np623.html 中壢戶政事務所
2.http://www.sunnylaw.com.tw/dead.htm (有提供詳細範本)
3.http://www.judicial.gov.tw/assist/assist03/assist03-02.asp 司法院提供之聲請狀範例 , 其中第: [36 繼承系統表 ]與[39 民事聲請狀（聲請拋棄繼承准予備查事） ]
4.法務部全球資訊網

2010.6.5 整理
楊婉莉

性侵害犯罪加害人之各項處遇措施 4

2010-06-02T01:39:00.000-07:00

性侵害犯罪加害人之各項處遇措施 4

妨害性自主案件罕見可以為緩起訴處分者, 然遇到被告與被害人年齡相當, 而合意為之, 被害人與家屬並未追究但是被害人屬於法定年齡限制者, 則偶會出現得以緩起訴者, 然依據性侵害防治法第20條規定, 縱予以緩起訴, 加害人仍必須完成身心治療或輔導教育, 因此須注意:
(1) 書類送達中心
(2) 一併諭知接受評估, 如經評估認有施以治療輔導之必要者, 完成主管機關所指定之身心治療或輔導教育. (第六款)

相關處遇之依據：
性侵害犯罪防治法第 20 條
加害人有下列情形之一，經評估認有施以治療輔導之必要者，直轄市、縣(市) 主管機關應命其接受身心治療或輔導教育：
一、有期徒刑或保安處分執行完畢。
二、假釋。
三、緩刑。
四、免刑。
五、赦免。
六、緩起訴處分。

其他
性侵害犯罪加害人之各項處遇措施5:
http://wanliyang.blogspot.com/2011/05/5.html

楊婉莉
主任檢察官
台灣台南地方法院檢察署
2010.6.02
Wanli Yang

英語會議腳本

2010-05-29T04:28:00.000-07:00

英語會議腳本 Script of Meeting

A Sample Script for Meeting in English
On “Membership” for “Visitors-Friendly Biking Cities Event”

Opening the meeting
Good evening, ladies and gentlemen. I am today's chairman, WL from personnel office. Since the two thirds of people are all here. Now I declare the meeting open.

Reading the Minutes (Notes) of the Last Meeting
Has everyone received a copy of agenda? The first part on the agenda is the minutes of the previous meeting. First let's go over the report from the last meeting, which was held on May 21th 2010(date). I will read the minutes for you.

meeting-minutes
Topic/ Discussion(subject)/ Action(Executions)/ Person Responsible
1. / the keynotes for deciding membership/ Major decisions on providing membership options for this event are taken by preparatory committee at previous meeting.
2./ Promoting and Applying Channels(宣傳與註冊方式)/ Besides announcing membership options at the official website, online application function and Individual Membership Application Form should be added into our official website. The IT department should be in charge of the task.

Dealing with Recent Developments
Joyce( works in IT department), can you tell us how the online appling project is progressing?

Joyce:Our staff already started to create the official website and to facilate the registration procedure and membership applying procedure right after the previous meeting.

Joyce, thank you for your progress report. Does anyone have any comment on this? (N0)

Can we take the minutes as read? (Yes/ No)

Ok, thanks you.

Moving Forward
So, if there is nothing else we need to discuss, let's move on to today's agenda.

Introducing the Agenda

Have you all received a copy of the agenda? There are three items on the agenda.

（Subject I）

The first item to cover is about deciding what types of membership for our "Vistors-Friendly Biking Cities Event." Before my introduciton of the first topic, I would like to thank our colleges of personnel office. They have listed 3 options for us. Now please refer to the appendix I. There are 3 types of membership.

Apply Monthly Membership - US$15 NT$500 ·

The first on is Monthly Membership. The main idea of applying monthly membership is based on cost factors. Since we have a lot of expats carrying their bikes from different cities, most of them will choose to cycle around the whole island. An island round trip takes at least 10 days to 2 weeks, so providing monthly membership will be a good deal for both cyclists and local business. We can organize different department to work together and issue the monthly discount card in advance. Cyclists can choose to become a Member and enjoy discounted accommodation at 1200 VIP Hostels and vaired discount transportation coupons. This will definately boost local economy. By doing so, we make a profit inderectly from local accomodation business and gain international reputation at the same time.

Apply Annual Membership - $99 ·NT$3000

The second option is Annual Membership. Since the preparatory committee already decided to provide this option for attendees, and the whole organization will all act together to get this job done. We can provide the best discount set (package) for those who attend this sport event in this year, so we shouldn't waste these sources. These efforts should continute yearly instead of monthly efforts. By doing so, those who receiving annual membership will always remind the happy memory and big discount at Taiwan and drive them to visit Taiwan again.

By the way, applying annual membership will benifit our office and local residents the most.

Apply Lifetime Membership - $299 NT$9000

The last one is lifetime membership. Now since we already dicide to provide membership options for those who join this event in Aug this year. We could provide them our best offer-Lifetime Membership. This promoting strategy is to create a distinctive feeling, so the attendees can enjoy those discount wheneven they come to Taiwan and feel they are part of nationals.

Those are the basic introduction about the 3 options. The further informatin such as cost and material please refer to the appendix I.

(chairman) Does anyone have any thoughts about this issue? Eric, who is working for marketing department, know somehting about marketing issue. I would like to give the floor to Eric.

(Eric) Those membership offers are excellent. Frankly speaking, we want people to apply our membership. Since our target market is foreign cyclists, facilitating safe and efficient bicycle travel is our main task. That would make our offer looked impressive in market.

(chairman) Thank for your opinion, who would like to comment further? We haven't heard from (Jill 品璇) , and she is a senior staff in Program Management Department and Preparatory Committee member. What are your view on this, Jill (品璇)?

(Jill 品璇/ Program Management Department) Because our goal for hosting the sports evnt is to boost local economic growth, I propose that those membership rewards must be supported by Central Government in oder to get fully support from other government agencies.

(Chairman) You've made an excellent point. Let our membership rewards be supported by Central Government and bring whole government agencies working together. Would anyone like to second this motion?

(Whole/ Ocean) I am second to Jill 品璇.

(Chairman) With everyone's approval, getting Central Government Supporting Letter would be a condition in menbership offering.

(柏豪 & 蕙芬 are chatting)

(chairman) I should call you to order. We can't speack all at once. Anyone wants to address your remark, please raise your hand.

(柏豪\ raising his hand) Could I jsut make a point about the task of Government Supporting Letter?

(Chairman) This isn't relevant to our discussion right now, and it suppose to be scheduled to next topic. Could we please stick to the first subject? Who would like to comment further?

(whole) NO.

Voting

(Charrman) Since we spent a lot of time and had a heated discussion on this matter. Could we take a vote on it? Everyone has 2 votes.

Who is in favor of monthly membership? (Counting the votes) OK. There are X people.

Who is in favor of annual membership? OK. There are X people.

Who is in favor of lifetime membership? OK. There are X people.

In the event of a tie, I would like to remind you that I have the casting vote (決定票). I vote for monthly membership and anual membership. It seems that we reach a consensus. The menbership for our sports event are X and Y membership.

Has anyone anything further they want to add before we move on to the next subject?

(Whole) NO.

(Subject II)

(Chairman) Now let use move on th subject 2 on the agenda, the content of Government Supporting Letter for our cycling event.

In order to draw government agencies' attention and get all of their efferts, we need the Letter for our cycling event. The Tourism Bureau will give us a detail report on this. 秀婷 is the head of Tourism Bueara. I wouldl like to give the floor to 秀婷.

(秀婷) Because our staff didn't finish the draft of the letter on time, I would like to propose that we defer this matter until we have more information at our disposal.

(Chairman) Who would like to second the motion?

(Whole 劭純) I am second to 秀婷.

(Chairman) Our discussion on the issue will have to wait until next meeting.

(劭純) Excuse me. Ms. Chairperson. May I say something please?

(Chairman) I would like to give the floor to 劭純.

(劭純) In order to speed up our further discussion, I propose to form a task force, made up of people from Tourism Bureau, marketing, finance and general affairs to preview this problem (regard the content of supporting letter) first.

(Chairman) Would anyone like to second the motion?

(whole\ Ocean) I am second to 劭純.

(Chairman) OK thank you. Now I would like to move on the last subject on our agenda. It is to decide our promoting Membership Rewards program. The content of the membership reward is very important and it will affect our applying figure. In the other words, it related to our income and profit. We got online applying system, but we still need realistic content to balance our budget balance. Does anyone have any thoughts about this issue?

(No one respond)

(chairman ) Since we run out of time, further discussion on this matter will have to wait until next meeting. Is there any other business?

(whole )No

Summarizing

(Chairman) Before we close, let me just summarize the main points. First, both monthly membership and anunal membership would be provided. Second, the Central Government Supporting Letter is important for membership reward and this task should carry by special task force. Finally, the content of membership reward should discuss in next meeting.

Finishing Up
Right, it looks as though we've covered the main items. Is there Any Other Business?

Suggesting and Agreeing on Time, Date and Place for the Next Meeting

Yes, Mr. Ocean(四海 raising hand)

(Ocean)Can we fix the next meeting, please?

So, the next meeting will be on May 28th 2010.

Thanking Participants for Attending

Thanks for your participation.
Closing the Meeting
I declare the meeting closed.
...

參考notes:

http://203.64.184.213/reading/eapesp/business/business.php.

http://esl.about.com/cs/onthejobenglish/a/a_runmeet.htm.

標籤：英文簡報技巧
http://wanliyang.blogspot.com/search/label/%E8%8B%B1%E6%96%87%E7%B0%A1%E5%A0%B1%E6%8A%80%E5%B7%A7

writing clearly
Sample Paper
英文演講
英語會議腳本
英文簡報技巧 2 How to conclue a PowerPoint presentation
英文簡報技巧

By 婉莉

兒童及少年福利法實務問題4

2010-05-25T19:32:00.000-07:00

兒童及少年福利法實務問題4

兒童及少年福利法
兒童及少年福利機構是否可以向稅務局申請稅捐減免?

兒童及少年福利法第 9 條
　
本法所定事項，主管機關及各目的事業主管機關應就其權責範圍，針對兒童及少年之需要，尊重多元文化差異，主動規劃所需福利，對涉及相關機關之兒童及少年福利業務，應全力配合之。
主管機關及各目的事業主管機關權責劃分如下：
一、主管機關：主管兒童及少年福利法規、政策、福利工作、福利事業、專業人員訓練、兒童及少年保護、親職教育、福利機構設置等相關事宜。
二、衛生主管機關：主管婦幼衛生、優生保健、發展遲緩兒童早期醫療、兒童及少年心理保健、醫療、復健及健康保險等相關事宜。
三、教育主管機關：主管兒童及少年教育及其經費之補助、特殊教育、幼稚教育、兒童及少年就學、家庭教育、社會教育、兒童課後照顧服務等相關事宜。
四、勞工主管機關：主管年滿十五歲少年之職業訓練、就業服務、勞動條件之維護等相關事宜。
五、建設、工務、消防主管機關：主管兒童及少年福利機構建築物管理、公共設施、公共安全、建築物環境、消防安全管理、遊樂設施等相關事宜。
六、警政主管機關：主管兒童及少年保護個案人身安全之維護、失蹤兒童及少年之協尋等相關事宜。
七、交通主管機關：主管兒童及少年交通安全、幼童專用車檢驗等相關事宜。
八、新聞主管機關：主管兒童及少年閱聽權益之維護、媒體分級等相關事宜之規劃與辦理。
九、戶政主管機關：主管兒童及少年身分資料及戶籍相關事宜。
一○、財政主管機關：主管兒童及少年福利機構稅捐之減免等相關事宜。
一一、其他兒童及少年福利措施由各相關目的事業主管機關依職權辦理。

其他相關網誌：
兒童及少年性交易防制條例實務問題2.
兒童及少年性交易防制條例實務問題1.
兒童及少年福利法實務問題3.
BY WAN-LI YANG
楊婉莉
台灣台南地方法院檢察署主任檢察官
2010.05.26