Article 14 ICCPR
公民權利與政治權利國際公約
1. All persons shall be equal before the courts and tribunals. In the determination of any criminal charge against him, or of his rights and obligations in a suit at law, everyone shall be entitled to a fair and public hearing by a competent, independent and impartial tribunal established by law. The press and the public may be excluded from all or part of a trial for reasons of morals, public order (ordre public) or national security in a democratic society, or when the interest of the private lives of the parties so requires, or to the extent strictly necessary in the opinion of the court in special circumstances where publicity would prejudice the interests of justice; but any judgement rendered in a criminal case or in a suit at law shall be made public except where the interest of juvenile persons otherwise requires or the proceedings concern matrimonial disputes or the guardianship of children.
人人在法院與法庭之前一律平等。在決定提出任何刑事指控或確定該人在訴訟案中之權利與義務時，人人有資格由一個依法設立的適格的、獨立的與無偏頗之法庭進行公正與公開的聽審。基於民主社會中的道德的、公共秩序或國家安全之理由，或當訴訟當事人的私生活利益有此需要時，或在特殊情況下法庭認為公開審判會損害司法利益因而嚴格需要的限度下，可不使記者與公眾出席全部或部分審判；但對刑事案件或法律訴訟的任何判刑決應公開宣佈，但少年的利益另有要求或者訴訟系有關兒童監護權的婚姻爭端，則不在此限。
2. Everyone charged with a criminal offence shall have the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law.
2.凡受刑事控告者，在未依法證實有罪之前，應有權被推定無罪。 3. In the determination of any criminal charge against him, everyone shall be entitled to the following minimum guarantees, in full equality:
3.在決定對他提出任何刑事指控時，人人完全平等地有資格享受以下的最低限度的保障： (a) To be informed promptly and in detail in a language which he understands of the nature and cause of the charge against him;
(a)迅速以一種他懂得的語言詳細地告知對他提出的指控之性質與原因；
(b) To have adequate time and facilities for the preparation of his defence and to communicate with counsel of his own choosing;
(b)有相當時間與便利(設施)準備他的辯護，並與他自己所選任之律師聯絡。 (c) To be tried without undue delay;
(c)受審時間不被無故拖延； (d) To be tried in his presence, and to defend himself in person or through legal assistance of his own choosing; to be informed, if he does not have legal assistance, of this right; and to have legal assistance assigned to him, in any case where the interests of justice so require, and without payment by him in any such case if he does not have sufficient means to pay for it;
(d)出席受審，並親自替自己辯護，或經由他自己所選擇之法律援助(律師)進行辯護；如果他沒有法律援助(律師)，要通知他享有該項權利；在司法利益有此需要之案件中，為他指定法律援助(律師)，而在他沒有足夠能力償付法律援助(律師費用)的案件中，不要他自己付費；
(e) To examine, or have examined, the witnesses against him and to obtain the attendance and examination of witnesses on his behalf under the same conditions as witnesses against him;
(e)詰問或業已詰問對其不利之證人，並使對其有利之證人在與對其不利之證人相同的條件下出庭與受詰問； (f) To have the free assistance of an interpreter if he cannot understand or speak the language used in court;
(f)如他不懂或不會說法庭上所用之語言，能免費獲得譯員之協助； (g) Not to be compelled to testify against himself or to confess guilt.
(g)不被強迫作不利於己之證言或強迫承認犯罪。
4. In the case of juvenile persons, the procedure shall be such as will take account of their age and the desirability of promoting their rehabilitation.
4.在少年的案件，程序上應考量到他們的年齡與幫助（促使）他們重新做人(復歸)之需要。
5. Everyone convicted of a crime shall have the right to his conviction and sentence being reviewed by a higher tribunal according to law. 5.凡被判決有罪者，應有權由一個較高級的法庭對其所定之罪與刑罰依法進行復審。
6. When a person has by a final decision been convicted of a criminal offence and when subsequently his conviction has been reversed or he has been pardoned on the ground that a new or newly discovered fact shows conclusively that there has been a miscarriage of justice, the person who has suffered punishment as a result of such conviction shall be compensated according to law, unless it is proved that the non-disclosure of the unknown fact in time is wholly or partly attributable to him.
6.在依最終判決已被判定刑事犯罪，而隨後依據新的或新發現的事實確實表明發生誤審，其罪名被推翻或被赦免的情況下，因這種定罪而受有刑罰之人應依法得到賠償，除非經證明當時不知道之事實的未被及時揭露完全是或部分是基於他（被告）自己的緣故。
7. No one shall be liable to be tried or punished again for an offence for which he has already been finally convicted or acquitted in accordance with the law and penal procedure of each country.
7.任何人已依一國的法律及刑事程序被最終地定罪或宣告無罪者，不得就同一罪名再予審判或懲罰。
2010.8.22
By Wanli Yang
2010年8月14日 星期六
聯合國人權理事會 UN Human Rights Council
聯合國人權機構
（一）聯合國人權理事會 ( UN Human Rights Council )
第二次大戰後，聯合國希望以「國際人權組織」的方式，打造人權保護的全球性機制。
聯合國經社理事會於1946年4月通過決議設立人權委員會（Commission on Human Rights），在當時此一機構僅有研究及起草條約的功能，「世界人權宣言」、「政治與公民權利公約」及「經濟、社會和文化權利公約」等一系列重要聯合國文件皆由該「人權委員會」所起草，惟在1960年以前聯合國會員國對於人權議題表現並不積極，對於利用聯合國解決人權議題，更抱持極低的期望。
此一情況在1959年後有了顯著的改善。經社理事會於1959年、1967年及1979年三次通過決議，為「人權委員會」擴張了權力。人權委員會權限的擴大，反映了1970年代後聯合國對於人權事務態度的轉變，此一特點是聯合國對於人權事務，採取了更為主動與積極整合的態度。
「聯合國人權委員會」除設立「防止歧視及保護少數小組委員會」（Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities）為其附屬機構外，並透過設置人權問題「特別報告員制度」（Special Rapporteur）及「工作小組制度」（working group），以專題方式處理某項受侵害人權案件，或在特定國家或地區調查侵害人權的狀況，並積極以各種方式達到保護人權的目的。
人權委員會權限的擴大，也使得該委員會在聯合國人權機構的地位及作用不斷提升，並成為已開發與開發中國家意見對立的場所。
聯合國人權委員會（1946-2006）（簡稱人權委員會；United Nations Commission on Human Rights，UNCHR）是聯合國系統框架下的功能委員會。它是聯合國「經濟社會理事會」的職司委員會，它也幫助聯合國人權事務高級專員辦事處（Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights）開展工作。人權委員會是聯合國系統審議人權問題的最主要機構之一，它的主要職責是：根據《聯合國憲章》宗旨和原則，在人權領域進行專題研究、提出建議和起草國際人權文書並提交聯合國大會。
在2006年3月15日，聯合國大會(the General Assembly; GA) 壓倒性地通過以聯合國人權理事會(UN Human Rights Council)取代人權委員會(Commission on Human Rights)。因此目前聯合國人權理事會，乃直屬於聯合國大會下。
新的人權理事會擁有47個席位：亞洲13席、非洲13席、東歐6席、拉丁美洲和加勒比海地區8席、西歐及其他國家集團7席。在選舉理事會成員時，必須考慮候選國在促進和保護人權方面所作的貢獻。理事會成員國每屆任期3年，最多可連任一次。經三分之二成員國同意，聯合國大會可中止嚴重違反人權的國家的人權理事會成員資格。
理事會成員由聯大秘密投票選舉産生，必須獲半數以上會員國支援才能當選，任期3年，只能連選連任一屆。理事會每年在日內瓦舉行3次會議，其中一次為主要會議，會期總計不少於10周。此外，應理事會成員要求，獲1/3成員（16國）支援，理事會可舉行特別會議。迄今，人權理事會共召開11次正式會議，並就巴勒斯坦被占領土、蘇丹達爾富爾、斯裏蘭卡人權問題和金融危機等問題舉行11次特別會議。
根據聯合國大會第60/251號決議，理事會職能主要包括：促進對所有人人權與基本自由的普遍尊重；處理侵犯人權情況並提出建議；推動各國全面履行人權義務；推動聯合國系統人權主流化；在與會員國協商同意後，幫助會員國加強人權能力建設，促進人權教育並提供技術援助；提供人權問題專題對話論壇；向聯合國大會提出進一步發展國際人權法的建議；向聯合國大會提交年度報告等。決議授權理事會在一年內對人權委員會原有工作機制和方法進行全面評估和改革，制定未來工作方法和運作規則。
2007年6月19日人權理事會如期完成建章立制工作，確立了普遍定期審議、人權特別機制、專家咨詢機制、來文申訴機制的運作方式，並制定了理事會議程、工作方法和議事規則。
（二）人權理事會咨詢委員會（The Human Rights Council Advisory Committee）
根據經社理事會1946年6月21日第9(Ⅱ)號決議，聯合國人權會設立“防止歧視和保護少數小組委員會”(Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities)。1999年7月27日，經社理事會決定將其更名為“促進和保護人權小組委員會”(Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights，簡稱“人權小組會”)。
人權小組會係人權委員會下屬機構，主要職能是對有關重要人權問題進行研究並向人權委員會提出報告。人權小組會由26名以個人身份工作的獨立專家組成。
聯合國人權理事會成立後，決定成立咨詢委員會取代人權小組會。該委員會基本繼承人權小組會職能，負責從事人權專題研究並向理事會提出咨詢意見。委員會由18名獨立專家組成，遵循公平地域分配原則，亞洲、非洲組各5名，拉美、西方組各3名，東歐組2名。聯合國所有會員國均可提名人選，由理事會選舉産生，任期3年，可連任1次。每年開兩次會議，總會期不超過10天。與原人權小組會不同的是，委員會不得通過任何決議或決定。
（三）聯合國人權事務高級專員（簡稱“人權高專”, UN High Commissioner for Human Rights）及聯合國人權高級專員辦事處（Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights; OHCHR）
係根據1993年聯大第48/141號決議設立，是聯合國係統內負責人權事務的最高行政長官，副秘書長級。由聯合國秘書長任命，經聯合國大會核准産生。人權高專主要負責協調聯合國在人權領域的活動，任期四年，可連任一次。
1997年10月，第52屆聯大通過聯合國秘書長安南提出的對聯合國人權秘書處進行改組的方案，將原聯合國人權中心併入聯合國人權高級專員辦事處，負責聯合國人權領域的技術支援工作，總部設在日內瓦，並在紐約聯合國總部設辦事處。2005年9月，聯合國60周年首長會議通過成果文件，決定加強人權高專辦公室的工作。目前，高專辦設有8個地區辦事處和11個國家辦事處，並在聯合國17項和平行動中派駐人權官員。
（四）人權公約監督機構（Treaty-based Bodies）
人權公約監督機構係根據人權公約規定所設立，負責審查、監督締約國執行公約情況。目前聯合國共有八個人權公約監督機構，分別是：
1.根據《公民權利和政治權利國際公約》設立的“人權事務委員會”;
2.經社理事會為監督《經濟、社會及文化權利國際公約》執行情況設立的“經濟、社會及文化權利委員會”；
3.根據《消除一切形式種族歧視國際公約》設立的“消除種族歧視委員會”；
4.根據《消除對婦女一切形式歧視公約》設立的“消除對婦女歧視委員會”；
5.根據《禁止酷刑和其他殘忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或處罰公約》設立的“禁止酷刑委員會”；
6.根據《兒童權利公約》設立的“兒童權利委員會”；
7.根據《保護所有遷徙工人及其家庭成員權利國際公約》設立的“保護所有遷徙工人及其家庭成員權利委員會”；
8.根據《殘疾人權利公約》設立的“殘疾人權利委員會”。
（五）非政府組織委員會（Committee on Non-Governmental Organizations）
非政府組織委員會係聯合國經社理事會（以下簡稱“經社會”）下屬常設委員會，根據經社會決議于1946年成立，最初由中國、法國、英國、蘇聯、美國5國組成。1950年，巴基斯坦和秘魯加入委員會，1966年擴大至13國。1981年7月，經社會決定將委員會從13個增至19個，由5個非洲國家、4個亞洲國家、4個拉美國家、4個西方國家和2個東歐國家組成。成員任期最初為一年，從1975年起改至四年，每四年改選一次，可連選連任。
委員會成員目前為中國、美國、俄羅斯、英國、安哥拉、布隆迪、埃及、幾內亞、蘇丹、印度、巴基斯坦、卡塔爾、羅馬尼亞、哥倫比亞、古巴、多米尼克、秘魯、以色列和土耳其。
該委員會是聯合國體制內唯一審議非政府組織申請聯合國經社會咨商地位、討論制定非政府組織行為規範等問題之機構。每年召開兩次會議。根據聯合國經社會1996/31號決議有關規定，經社會咨商地位分三類：全面、特別和名冊。獲得咨商地位的非政府組織可以觀察員身份列席經社會及其下屬機構會議。截至目前，共有3195個非政府組織獲得經社會咨商地位。
資料來源:
1.http://thesaurus.babylon.com/united%20nations%20commission%20on%20human%20rights
2.林季蓉，聯合國人權委員會組織及其運作之研究，2002論文摘要。
3.維基百科，http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E6%9D%83%E7%90%86%E4%BA%8B%E4%BC%9A
4.http://big5.fmprc.gov.cn/gate/big5/www.mfa.gov.cn/chn/pds/gjhdq/gjhdqzz/lhg/jbqk/t358601.htm
5.聯合國, http://www.un.org/
6.聯合國組織結構:http://www.un.org/en/aboutun/structure/index.shtml
2010.8.15 Wanli YANG 整理
citation:
楊婉莉(2010),聯合國人權機構,The Taiwanese legal research method in cyberspace ( http://wanliyang.blogspot.tw/)
（一）聯合國人權理事會 ( UN Human Rights Council )
第二次大戰後，聯合國希望以「國際人權組織」的方式，打造人權保護的全球性機制。
聯合國經社理事會於1946年4月通過決議設立人權委員會（Commission on Human Rights），在當時此一機構僅有研究及起草條約的功能，「世界人權宣言」、「政治與公民權利公約」及「經濟、社會和文化權利公約」等一系列重要聯合國文件皆由該「人權委員會」所起草，惟在1960年以前聯合國會員國對於人權議題表現並不積極，對於利用聯合國解決人權議題，更抱持極低的期望。
此一情況在1959年後有了顯著的改善。經社理事會於1959年、1967年及1979年三次通過決議，為「人權委員會」擴張了權力。人權委員會權限的擴大，反映了1970年代後聯合國對於人權事務態度的轉變，此一特點是聯合國對於人權事務，採取了更為主動與積極整合的態度。
「聯合國人權委員會」除設立「防止歧視及保護少數小組委員會」（Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities）為其附屬機構外，並透過設置人權問題「特別報告員制度」（Special Rapporteur）及「工作小組制度」（working group），以專題方式處理某項受侵害人權案件，或在特定國家或地區調查侵害人權的狀況，並積極以各種方式達到保護人權的目的。
人權委員會權限的擴大，也使得該委員會在聯合國人權機構的地位及作用不斷提升，並成為已開發與開發中國家意見對立的場所。
聯合國人權委員會（1946-2006）（簡稱人權委員會；United Nations Commission on Human Rights，UNCHR）是聯合國系統框架下的功能委員會。它是聯合國「經濟社會理事會」的職司委員會，它也幫助聯合國人權事務高級專員辦事處（Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights）開展工作。人權委員會是聯合國系統審議人權問題的最主要機構之一，它的主要職責是：根據《聯合國憲章》宗旨和原則，在人權領域進行專題研究、提出建議和起草國際人權文書並提交聯合國大會。
在2006年3月15日，聯合國大會(the General Assembly; GA) 壓倒性地通過以聯合國人權理事會(UN Human Rights Council)取代人權委員會(Commission on Human Rights)。因此目前聯合國人權理事會，乃直屬於聯合國大會下。
新的人權理事會擁有47個席位：亞洲13席、非洲13席、東歐6席、拉丁美洲和加勒比海地區8席、西歐及其他國家集團7席。在選舉理事會成員時，必須考慮候選國在促進和保護人權方面所作的貢獻。理事會成員國每屆任期3年，最多可連任一次。經三分之二成員國同意，聯合國大會可中止嚴重違反人權的國家的人權理事會成員資格。
理事會成員由聯大秘密投票選舉産生，必須獲半數以上會員國支援才能當選，任期3年，只能連選連任一屆。理事會每年在日內瓦舉行3次會議，其中一次為主要會議，會期總計不少於10周。此外，應理事會成員要求，獲1/3成員（16國）支援，理事會可舉行特別會議。迄今，人權理事會共召開11次正式會議，並就巴勒斯坦被占領土、蘇丹達爾富爾、斯裏蘭卡人權問題和金融危機等問題舉行11次特別會議。
根據聯合國大會第60/251號決議，理事會職能主要包括：促進對所有人人權與基本自由的普遍尊重；處理侵犯人權情況並提出建議；推動各國全面履行人權義務；推動聯合國系統人權主流化；在與會員國協商同意後，幫助會員國加強人權能力建設，促進人權教育並提供技術援助；提供人權問題專題對話論壇；向聯合國大會提出進一步發展國際人權法的建議；向聯合國大會提交年度報告等。決議授權理事會在一年內對人權委員會原有工作機制和方法進行全面評估和改革，制定未來工作方法和運作規則。
2007年6月19日人權理事會如期完成建章立制工作，確立了普遍定期審議、人權特別機制、專家咨詢機制、來文申訴機制的運作方式，並制定了理事會議程、工作方法和議事規則。
（二）人權理事會咨詢委員會（The Human Rights Council Advisory Committee）
根據經社理事會1946年6月21日第9(Ⅱ)號決議，聯合國人權會設立“防止歧視和保護少數小組委員會”(Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities)。1999年7月27日，經社理事會決定將其更名為“促進和保護人權小組委員會”(Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights，簡稱“人權小組會”)。
人權小組會係人權委員會下屬機構，主要職能是對有關重要人權問題進行研究並向人權委員會提出報告。人權小組會由26名以個人身份工作的獨立專家組成。
聯合國人權理事會成立後，決定成立咨詢委員會取代人權小組會。該委員會基本繼承人權小組會職能，負責從事人權專題研究並向理事會提出咨詢意見。委員會由18名獨立專家組成，遵循公平地域分配原則，亞洲、非洲組各5名，拉美、西方組各3名，東歐組2名。聯合國所有會員國均可提名人選，由理事會選舉産生，任期3年，可連任1次。每年開兩次會議，總會期不超過10天。與原人權小組會不同的是，委員會不得通過任何決議或決定。
（三）聯合國人權事務高級專員（簡稱“人權高專”, UN High Commissioner for Human Rights）及聯合國人權高級專員辦事處（Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights; OHCHR）
係根據1993年聯大第48/141號決議設立，是聯合國係統內負責人權事務的最高行政長官，副秘書長級。由聯合國秘書長任命，經聯合國大會核准産生。人權高專主要負責協調聯合國在人權領域的活動，任期四年，可連任一次。
1997年10月，第52屆聯大通過聯合國秘書長安南提出的對聯合國人權秘書處進行改組的方案，將原聯合國人權中心併入聯合國人權高級專員辦事處，負責聯合國人權領域的技術支援工作，總部設在日內瓦，並在紐約聯合國總部設辦事處。2005年9月，聯合國60周年首長會議通過成果文件，決定加強人權高專辦公室的工作。目前，高專辦設有8個地區辦事處和11個國家辦事處，並在聯合國17項和平行動中派駐人權官員。
（四）人權公約監督機構（Treaty-based Bodies）
人權公約監督機構係根據人權公約規定所設立，負責審查、監督締約國執行公約情況。目前聯合國共有八個人權公約監督機構，分別是：
1.根據《公民權利和政治權利國際公約》設立的“人權事務委員會”;
2.經社理事會為監督《經濟、社會及文化權利國際公約》執行情況設立的“經濟、社會及文化權利委員會”；
3.根據《消除一切形式種族歧視國際公約》設立的“消除種族歧視委員會”；
4.根據《消除對婦女一切形式歧視公約》設立的“消除對婦女歧視委員會”；
5.根據《禁止酷刑和其他殘忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或處罰公約》設立的“禁止酷刑委員會”；
6.根據《兒童權利公約》設立的“兒童權利委員會”；
7.根據《保護所有遷徙工人及其家庭成員權利國際公約》設立的“保護所有遷徙工人及其家庭成員權利委員會”；
8.根據《殘疾人權利公約》設立的“殘疾人權利委員會”。
（五）非政府組織委員會（Committee on Non-Governmental Organizations）
非政府組織委員會係聯合國經社理事會（以下簡稱“經社會”）下屬常設委員會，根據經社會決議于1946年成立，最初由中國、法國、英國、蘇聯、美國5國組成。1950年，巴基斯坦和秘魯加入委員會，1966年擴大至13國。1981年7月，經社會決定將委員會從13個增至19個，由5個非洲國家、4個亞洲國家、4個拉美國家、4個西方國家和2個東歐國家組成。成員任期最初為一年，從1975年起改至四年，每四年改選一次，可連選連任。
委員會成員目前為中國、美國、俄羅斯、英國、安哥拉、布隆迪、埃及、幾內亞、蘇丹、印度、巴基斯坦、卡塔爾、羅馬尼亞、哥倫比亞、古巴、多米尼克、秘魯、以色列和土耳其。
該委員會是聯合國體制內唯一審議非政府組織申請聯合國經社會咨商地位、討論制定非政府組織行為規範等問題之機構。每年召開兩次會議。根據聯合國經社會1996/31號決議有關規定，經社會咨商地位分三類：全面、特別和名冊。獲得咨商地位的非政府組織可以觀察員身份列席經社會及其下屬機構會議。截至目前，共有3195個非政府組織獲得經社會咨商地位。
資料來源:
1.http://thesaurus.babylon.com/united%20nations%20commission%20on%20human%20rights
2.林季蓉，聯合國人權委員會組織及其運作之研究，2002論文摘要。
3.維基百科，http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E6%9D%83%E7%90%86%E4%BA%8B%E4%BC%9A
4.http://big5.fmprc.gov.cn/gate/big5/www.mfa.gov.cn/chn/pds/gjhdq/gjhdqzz/lhg/jbqk/t358601.htm
5.聯合國, http://www.un.org/
6.聯合國組織結構:http://www.un.org/en/aboutun/structure/index.shtml
2010.8.15 Wanli YANG 整理
citation:
楊婉莉(2010),聯合國人權機構,The Taiwanese legal research method in cyberspace ( http://wanliyang.blogspot.tw/)
Guidelines on the Role of Prosecutors
Guidelines on the Role of Prosecutors
聯合國「檢察官角色準則」
Adopted by the Eighth United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and
the Treatment of Offenders, Havana, Cuba, 27 August to 7 September 1990
Whereas in the Charter of the United Nations the peoples of the world affirm, inter alia , their determination to establish conditions under which justice can be maintained, and proclaim as one of their purposes the achievement of international cooperation in promoting and encouraging respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms without distinction as to race, sex, language or religion,
Whereas the Universal Declaration of Human Rights enshrines the principles of equality before the law, the presumption of innocence and the right to a fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal,
Whereas frequently there still exists a gap between the vision underlying those principles and the actual situation,
Whereas the organization and administration of justice in every country should be inspired by those principles, and efforts undertaken to translate them fully into reality,
Whereas prosecutors play a crucial role in the administration of justice, and rules concerning the performance of their important responsibilities should promote their respect for and compliance with the above-mentioned principles, thus contributing to fair and equitable criminal justice and the effective protection of citizens against crime,
Whereas it is essential to ensure that prosecutors possess the professional qualifications required for the accomplishment of their functions, through improved methods of recruitment and legal and professional training, and through the provision of all necessary means for the proper performance of their role in combating criminality, particularly in its new forms and dimensions,
Whereas the General Assembly, by its resolution 34/169 of 17 December 1979, adopted the Code of Conduct for Law Enforcement Officials, on the recommendation of the Fifth United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders,
Whereas in resolution 16 of the Sixth United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders, the Committee on Crime Prevention and Control was called upon to include among its priorities the elaboration of guidelines relating to the independence of judges and the selection, professional training and status of judges and prosecutors,
Whereas the Seventh United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders adopted the Basic Principles on the Independence of the Judiciary, subsequently endorsed by the General Assembly in its resolutions 40/32 of 29 November 1985 and 40/146 of 13 December 1985,
Whereas the Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power recommends measures to be taken at the international and national levels to improve access to justice and fair treatment, restitution, compensation and assistance for victims of crime,
Whereas , in resolution 7 of the Seventh Congress the Committee was called upon to consider the need for guidelines relating, inter alia , to the selection, professional training and status of prosecutors, their expected tasks and conduct, means to enhance their contribution to the smooth functioning of the criminal justice system and their cooperation with the police, the scope of their discretionary powers, and their role in criminal proceedings, and to report thereon to future United Nations congresses,
The Guidelines set forth below, which have been formulated to assist Member States in their tasks of securing and promoting the effectiveness, impartiality and fairness of prosecutors in criminal proceedings, should be respected and taken into account by Governments within the framework of their national legislation and practice, and should be brought to the attention of prosecutors, as well as other persons, such as judges, lawyers, members of the executive and the legislature and the public in general. The present Guidelines have been formulated principally with public prosecutors in mind, but they apply equally, as appropriate, to prosecutors appointed on an ad hoc basis.
Qualifications, selection and training
1. Persons selected as prosecutors shall be individuals of integrity and ability, with appropriate training and qualifications.
2. States shall ensure that:
( a ) Selection criteria for prosecutors embody safeguards against appointments based on partiality or prejudice, excluding any discrimination against a person on the grounds of race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national, social or ethnic origin, property, birth, economic or other status, except that it shall not be considered discriminatory to require a candidate for prosecutorial office to be a national of the country concerned;
( b ) Prosecutors have appropriate education and training and should be made aware of the ideals and ethical duties of their office, of the constitutional and statutory protections for the rights of the suspect and the victim, and of human rights and fundamental freedoms recognized by national and international law.
Status and conditions of service
3. Prosecutors, as essential agents of the administration of justice, shall at all times maintain the honour and dignity of their profession.
4. States shall ensure that prosecutors are able to perform their professional functions without intimidation, hindrance, harassment, improper interference or unjustified exposure to civil, penal or other liability.
5. Prosecutors and their families shall be physically protected by the authorities when their personal safety is threatened as a result of the discharge of prosecutorial functions.
6. Reasonable conditions of service of prosecutors, adequate remuneration and, where applicable, tenure, pension and age of retirement shall be set out by law or published rules or regulations.
7. Promotion of prosecutors, wherever such a system exists, shall be based on objective factors, in particular professional qualifications, ability, integrity and experience, and decided upon in accordance with fair and impartial procedures.
Freedom of expression and association
8. Prosecutors like other citizens are entitled to freedom of expression, belief, association and assembly. In particular, they shall have the right to take part in public discussion of matters concerning the law, the administration of justice and the promotion and protection of human rights and to join or form local, national or international organizations and attend their meetings, without suffering professional disadvantage by reason of their lawful action or their membership in a lawful organization. In exercising these rights, prosecutors shall always conduct themselves in accordance with the law and the recognized standards and ethics of their profession.
9. Prosecutors shall be free to form and join professional associations or other organizations to represent their interests, to promote their professional training and to protect their status.
Role in criminal proceedings
10. The office of prosecutors shall be strictly separated from judicial functions.
11. Prosecutors shall perform an active role in criminal proceedings, including institution of prosecution and, where authorized by law or consistent with local practice, in the investigation of crime, supervision over the legality of these investigations, supervision of the execution of court decisions and the exercise of other functions as representatives of the public interest.
12. Prosecutors shall, in accordance with the law, perform their duties fairly, consistently and expeditiously, and respect and protect human dignity and uphold human rights, thus contributing to ensuring due process and the smooth functioning of the criminal justice system.
13. In the performance of their duties, prosecutors shall:
( a ) Carry out their functions impartially and avoid all political, social, religious, racial, cultural, sexual or any other kind of discrimination;
( b ) Protect the public interest, act with objectivity, take proper account of the position of the suspect and the victim, and pay attention to all relevant circumstances, irrespective of whether they are to the advantage or disadvantage of the suspect;
( c ) Keep matters in their possession confidential, unless the performance of duty or the needs of justice require otherwise;
( d ) Consider the views and concerns of victims when their personal interests are affected and ensure that victims are informed of their rights in accordance with the Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power.
14. Prosecutors shall not initiate or continue prosecution, or shall make every effort to stay proceedings, when an impartial investigation shows the charge to be unfounded.
15. Prosecutors shall give due attention to the prosecution of crimes committed by public officials, particularly corruption, abuse of power, grave violations of human rights and other crimes recognized by international law and, where authorized by law or consistent with local practice, the investigation of such offences.
16. When prosecutors come into possession of evidence against suspects that they know or believe on reasonable grounds was obtained through recourse to unlawful methods, which constitute a grave violation of the suspect's human rights, especially involving torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, or other abuses of human rights, they shall refuse to use such evidence against anyone other than those who used such methods, or inform the Court accordingly, and shall take all necessary steps to ensure that those responsible for using such methods are brought to justice.
Discretionary functions
17. In countries where prosecutors are vested with discretionary functions, the law or published rules or regulations shall provide guidelines to enhance fairness and consistency of approach in taking decisions in the prosecution process, including institution or waiver of prosecution.
Alternatives to prosecution
18. In accordance with national law, prosecutors shall give due consideration to waiving prosecution, discontinuing proceedings conditionally or unconditionally, or diverting criminal cases from the formal justice system, with full respect for the rights of suspect(s) and the victim(s). For this purpose, States should fully explore the possibility of adopting diversion schemes not only to alleviate excessive court loads, but also to avoid the stigmatization of pre-trial detention, indictment and conviction, as well as the possible adverse effects of imprisonment.
19. In countries where prosecutors are vested with discretionary functions as to the decision whether or not to prosecute a juvenile, special consideration shall be given to the nature and gravity of the offence, protection of society and the personality and background of the juvenile. In making that decision, prosecutors shall particularly consider available alternatives to prosecution under the relevant juvenile justice laws and procedures. Prosecutors shall use their best efforts to take prosecutory action against juveniles only to the extent strictly necessary.
Relations with other government agencies or institutions
20. In order to ensure the fairness and effectiveness of prosecution, prosecutors shall strive to cooperate with the police, the courts, the legal profession, public defenders and other government agencies or institutions.
Disciplinary proceedings
21. Disciplinary offences of prosecutors shall be based on law or lawful regulations. Complaints against prosecutors which allege that they acted in a manner clearly out of the range of professional standards shall be processed expeditiously and fairly under appropriate procedures. Prosecutors shall have the right to a fair hearing. The decision shall be subject to independent review.
22. Disciplinary proceedings against prosecutors shall guarantee an objective evaluation and decision. They shall be determined in accordance with the law, the code of professional conduct and other established standards and ethics and in the light of the present Guidelines.
Observance of the Guidelines
23. Prosecutors shall respect the present Guidelines. They shall also, to the best of their capability, prevent and actively oppose any violations thereof.
24. Prosecutors who have reason to believe that a violation of the present Guidelines has occurred or is about to occur shall report the matter to their superior authorities and, where necessary, to other appropriate authorities or organs vested with reviewing or remedial power.
聯合國「檢察官角色準則」
Adopted by the Eighth United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and
the Treatment of Offenders, Havana, Cuba, 27 August to 7 September 1990
Whereas in the Charter of the United Nations the peoples of the world affirm, inter alia , their determination to establish conditions under which justice can be maintained, and proclaim as one of their purposes the achievement of international cooperation in promoting and encouraging respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms without distinction as to race, sex, language or religion,
Whereas the Universal Declaration of Human Rights enshrines the principles of equality before the law, the presumption of innocence and the right to a fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal,
Whereas frequently there still exists a gap between the vision underlying those principles and the actual situation,
Whereas the organization and administration of justice in every country should be inspired by those principles, and efforts undertaken to translate them fully into reality,
Whereas prosecutors play a crucial role in the administration of justice, and rules concerning the performance of their important responsibilities should promote their respect for and compliance with the above-mentioned principles, thus contributing to fair and equitable criminal justice and the effective protection of citizens against crime,
Whereas it is essential to ensure that prosecutors possess the professional qualifications required for the accomplishment of their functions, through improved methods of recruitment and legal and professional training, and through the provision of all necessary means for the proper performance of their role in combating criminality, particularly in its new forms and dimensions,
Whereas the General Assembly, by its resolution 34/169 of 17 December 1979, adopted the Code of Conduct for Law Enforcement Officials, on the recommendation of the Fifth United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders,
Whereas in resolution 16 of the Sixth United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders, the Committee on Crime Prevention and Control was called upon to include among its priorities the elaboration of guidelines relating to the independence of judges and the selection, professional training and status of judges and prosecutors,
Whereas the Seventh United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders adopted the Basic Principles on the Independence of the Judiciary, subsequently endorsed by the General Assembly in its resolutions 40/32 of 29 November 1985 and 40/146 of 13 December 1985,
Whereas the Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power recommends measures to be taken at the international and national levels to improve access to justice and fair treatment, restitution, compensation and assistance for victims of crime,
Whereas , in resolution 7 of the Seventh Congress the Committee was called upon to consider the need for guidelines relating, inter alia , to the selection, professional training and status of prosecutors, their expected tasks and conduct, means to enhance their contribution to the smooth functioning of the criminal justice system and their cooperation with the police, the scope of their discretionary powers, and their role in criminal proceedings, and to report thereon to future United Nations congresses,
The Guidelines set forth below, which have been formulated to assist Member States in their tasks of securing and promoting the effectiveness, impartiality and fairness of prosecutors in criminal proceedings, should be respected and taken into account by Governments within the framework of their national legislation and practice, and should be brought to the attention of prosecutors, as well as other persons, such as judges, lawyers, members of the executive and the legislature and the public in general. The present Guidelines have been formulated principally with public prosecutors in mind, but they apply equally, as appropriate, to prosecutors appointed on an ad hoc basis.
Qualifications, selection and training
1. Persons selected as prosecutors shall be individuals of integrity and ability, with appropriate training and qualifications.
2. States shall ensure that:
( a ) Selection criteria for prosecutors embody safeguards against appointments based on partiality or prejudice, excluding any discrimination against a person on the grounds of race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national, social or ethnic origin, property, birth, economic or other status, except that it shall not be considered discriminatory to require a candidate for prosecutorial office to be a national of the country concerned;
( b ) Prosecutors have appropriate education and training and should be made aware of the ideals and ethical duties of their office, of the constitutional and statutory protections for the rights of the suspect and the victim, and of human rights and fundamental freedoms recognized by national and international law.
Status and conditions of service
3. Prosecutors, as essential agents of the administration of justice, shall at all times maintain the honour and dignity of their profession.
4. States shall ensure that prosecutors are able to perform their professional functions without intimidation, hindrance, harassment, improper interference or unjustified exposure to civil, penal or other liability.
5. Prosecutors and their families shall be physically protected by the authorities when their personal safety is threatened as a result of the discharge of prosecutorial functions.
6. Reasonable conditions of service of prosecutors, adequate remuneration and, where applicable, tenure, pension and age of retirement shall be set out by law or published rules or regulations.
7. Promotion of prosecutors, wherever such a system exists, shall be based on objective factors, in particular professional qualifications, ability, integrity and experience, and decided upon in accordance with fair and impartial procedures.
Freedom of expression and association
8. Prosecutors like other citizens are entitled to freedom of expression, belief, association and assembly. In particular, they shall have the right to take part in public discussion of matters concerning the law, the administration of justice and the promotion and protection of human rights and to join or form local, national or international organizations and attend their meetings, without suffering professional disadvantage by reason of their lawful action or their membership in a lawful organization. In exercising these rights, prosecutors shall always conduct themselves in accordance with the law and the recognized standards and ethics of their profession.
9. Prosecutors shall be free to form and join professional associations or other organizations to represent their interests, to promote their professional training and to protect their status.
Role in criminal proceedings
10. The office of prosecutors shall be strictly separated from judicial functions.
11. Prosecutors shall perform an active role in criminal proceedings, including institution of prosecution and, where authorized by law or consistent with local practice, in the investigation of crime, supervision over the legality of these investigations, supervision of the execution of court decisions and the exercise of other functions as representatives of the public interest.
12. Prosecutors shall, in accordance with the law, perform their duties fairly, consistently and expeditiously, and respect and protect human dignity and uphold human rights, thus contributing to ensuring due process and the smooth functioning of the criminal justice system.
13. In the performance of their duties, prosecutors shall:
( a ) Carry out their functions impartially and avoid all political, social, religious, racial, cultural, sexual or any other kind of discrimination;
( b ) Protect the public interest, act with objectivity, take proper account of the position of the suspect and the victim, and pay attention to all relevant circumstances, irrespective of whether they are to the advantage or disadvantage of the suspect;
( c ) Keep matters in their possession confidential, unless the performance of duty or the needs of justice require otherwise;
( d ) Consider the views and concerns of victims when their personal interests are affected and ensure that victims are informed of their rights in accordance with the Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power.
14. Prosecutors shall not initiate or continue prosecution, or shall make every effort to stay proceedings, when an impartial investigation shows the charge to be unfounded.
15. Prosecutors shall give due attention to the prosecution of crimes committed by public officials, particularly corruption, abuse of power, grave violations of human rights and other crimes recognized by international law and, where authorized by law or consistent with local practice, the investigation of such offences.
16. When prosecutors come into possession of evidence against suspects that they know or believe on reasonable grounds was obtained through recourse to unlawful methods, which constitute a grave violation of the suspect's human rights, especially involving torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, or other abuses of human rights, they shall refuse to use such evidence against anyone other than those who used such methods, or inform the Court accordingly, and shall take all necessary steps to ensure that those responsible for using such methods are brought to justice.
Discretionary functions
17. In countries where prosecutors are vested with discretionary functions, the law or published rules or regulations shall provide guidelines to enhance fairness and consistency of approach in taking decisions in the prosecution process, including institution or waiver of prosecution.
Alternatives to prosecution
18. In accordance with national law, prosecutors shall give due consideration to waiving prosecution, discontinuing proceedings conditionally or unconditionally, or diverting criminal cases from the formal justice system, with full respect for the rights of suspect(s) and the victim(s). For this purpose, States should fully explore the possibility of adopting diversion schemes not only to alleviate excessive court loads, but also to avoid the stigmatization of pre-trial detention, indictment and conviction, as well as the possible adverse effects of imprisonment.
19. In countries where prosecutors are vested with discretionary functions as to the decision whether or not to prosecute a juvenile, special consideration shall be given to the nature and gravity of the offence, protection of society and the personality and background of the juvenile. In making that decision, prosecutors shall particularly consider available alternatives to prosecution under the relevant juvenile justice laws and procedures. Prosecutors shall use their best efforts to take prosecutory action against juveniles only to the extent strictly necessary.
Relations with other government agencies or institutions
20. In order to ensure the fairness and effectiveness of prosecution, prosecutors shall strive to cooperate with the police, the courts, the legal profession, public defenders and other government agencies or institutions.
Disciplinary proceedings
21. Disciplinary offences of prosecutors shall be based on law or lawful regulations. Complaints against prosecutors which allege that they acted in a manner clearly out of the range of professional standards shall be processed expeditiously and fairly under appropriate procedures. Prosecutors shall have the right to a fair hearing. The decision shall be subject to independent review.
22. Disciplinary proceedings against prosecutors shall guarantee an objective evaluation and decision. They shall be determined in accordance with the law, the code of professional conduct and other established standards and ethics and in the light of the present Guidelines.
Observance of the Guidelines
23. Prosecutors shall respect the present Guidelines. They shall also, to the best of their capability, prevent and actively oppose any violations thereof.
24. Prosecutors who have reason to believe that a violation of the present Guidelines has occurred or is about to occur shall report the matter to their superior authorities and, where necessary, to other appropriate authorities or organs vested with reviewing or remedial power.
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