Dispute Concerning the Detention of Ukrainian Naval Vessels and Servicemen (Ukraine v. the Russian Federation)乙案
2020/6/22
By Wan-Li YANG
壹【背景】
據報導,2018年11月25日,俄羅斯邊防以烏克蘭海軍通過刻赤海峽(the Kerch Strait),對烏克蘭軍方開火,且扣押了三艘烏克蘭海軍艦艇(the Berdyansk, the Nikopol, and the Yani Kapu)以及逮捕了24名烏克蘭艦隊隊員,並導致三人受傷。(俄羅斯內國法層次)
該案是在克里米亞(被占領地),由俄羅斯所的控制的法院以涉嫌非法過境罪名(illegal border crossing)逮捕了上開烏克蘭艦隊軍人,事後羈押於莫斯科看守所。
2019年1月24日,歐洲委員會議會( the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe)通過了一項決議,正式要求俄羅斯遵守《日內瓦公約》(the Geneva Convention)有關戰俘之規定,對待本件被俘的烏克蘭軍人。
貳【國際法層次】
一、程序
2019年4月16日向國際海洋法法庭聲請緊急措施(臨時措施)。烏克蘭依據《公約》第290條第5項規定主張,於附件七仲裁法庭正式組成前,倘認有表面(初步)管轄權且情況緊急,則主張ITLOS得管轄先行受理本件緊急措施之聲請。
二、國際海洋法法庭(ITLOS)裁定
(一)有無緊急措施之管轄權
ITLOS認為對本案有Prima facie jurisdiction
法庭於2019年5月29日之裁定指出,本案法庭認為有符合《公約》第290條第5項規定,而得受理緊急措施之聲請,但它不用對烏克蘭向仲裁法庭提交之案件具有管轄權。簡言之,ITLOS依循ICJ前例,就緊急措施之聲請,認為只須要有表面證據而符合第290條之要件即可,不用對實體爭議具有管轄權。
(二)軍事行動與執法行為之區別
第298條第1項(b)段之適用與否
Declarations made under article 298, paragraph 1(b), of the Convention
公約第298條第1項(b)段規定
第298條【 適用第2節的任擇性例外】
一、一國在簽署、批准或加入本公約時,或在其後任何時間,在不妨害根據第1節所產生的義務的情形下,可以書面聲明對於下列各類爭端的一類或一類以上,不接受第2節規定的一種或一種以上的程序:
(b): 關於軍事活動,包括從事非商業服務的政府船隻和飛機的軍事活動的爭端,以及根據第297條第2和第3項不屬法院或法庭管轄的 關於行使主權權利或管轄權的 法律執行活動的爭端;
俄羅斯主張本案為軍事活動,烏克蘭則加以反駁,認為本件爭端並非軍事活動,而是執法行為,不應排除第290條之適用。
軍事行動與執法行為之區別
法庭認為,本案雖爭端提交給附件七仲裁法庭決定,惟本件爭端是否涉及軍事活動,法院認為,軍事行動與執法行為之區別不能僅依據系海軍船艦還是執法船隻做判斷,也不能僅依據行動之特徵來做區別,須根據個案不同之情況,依行動之性質做客觀判斷(Such a distinction “must be based primarily on an objective evaluation of the nature of the activities in question, taking into account the relevant circumstances in each case” (paragraph 66 of the Order of Provisional Measures, 25 May 2019 )。
軍事行動與執法行為之區別
法庭認為,本案雖爭端提交給附件七仲裁法庭決定,惟本件爭端是否涉及軍事活動,法院認為,軍事行動與執法行為之區別不能僅依據系海軍船艦還是執法船隻做判斷,也不能僅依據行動之特徵來做區別,須根據個案不同之情況,依行動之性質做客觀判斷(Such a distinction “must be based primarily on an objective evaluation of the nature of the activities in question, taking into account the relevant circumstances in each case” (paragraph 66 of the Order of Provisional Measures, 25 May 2019 )。
第一,依據雙方所供之資料與證據,本案係因烏克蘭海軍通過刻赤海峽(the Kerch Strait)所為之逮捕。一般而言,不能僅因軍艦通過海峽,就認為此依通過本身即為軍事活動,而且依據《公約》,無害或過境通過之自由適用於所有船舶。( “it is difficult to state in general that the passage of naval ships per se amounts to a military activity” and that “[u]nder the Convention, passage regimes, such as innocent or transit passage, apply to all ships” (paragraph 68 of the Order)。
第二,本件爭議之核心乃: 雙方對Kerch海峽過境制度有不同之解釋,而此爭議本質上就不是軍事上之爭議( “at the core of the dispute was the Parties’ differing interpretation of the regime of passage through the Kerch Strait” and that “such a dispute is not military in nature” (paragraph 72 of the Order). 。
第三,況俄羅斯在逮捕過程中還使用了武力,俄羅斯該武力之使用至為相關,該武力似屬於執法行動中使用強制力、而非軍事行動中使用武力(The Tribunal states that “the context in which such force was used is of particular relevance” and that “what occurred appears to be the use of force in the context of a law enforcement operation rather than a military operation” (paragraphs 73 and 74 of the Order)。
第四,因此法庭認為,2018年11月25日事件,證明了俄羅斯對烏克蘭海軍船艦採取的是執法程序中之逮捕及拘留,佐該國事後對烏國軍人之追訴行動等,再次證實了俄羅斯行動之本身即具有執法的本質。[“suggest that the arrest and detention of the Ukrainian naval vessels by the Russian Federation took place in the context of a law enforcement operation” (paragraph 75 of the Order). The “subsequent proceedings and charges against the servicemen further support the law enforcement nature of the activities of the Russian Federation” (paragraph 76 of the Order)]。
據此法院認為本案不適用公約第298條第1項(b)款。
(三)本件是否符合緊急情況之要件
1.聲請人主張的權利的合理性
法庭指出,就烏克蘭所循保障之權利是否合理乙節,認為:
烏克蘭是依據《公約》以及一般國際法,主張享有軍艦以及海軍輔助船艦與軍人之豁免權(“the rights claimed by Ukraine are rights to the immunity of warships and naval auxiliary vessels and their servicemen on board under the Convention and general international law” (paragraph 96 of the Order)。法庭認為,系爭船艦為《公約》第29條所指之軍艦、以及第96條使用於非商務活動的國營船隻。因此烏克蘭根據《公約》第32、58、95和96條主張權利為合理(該命令第97段)。
至於船上的24名軍人分別為烏克蘭軍事以及安全人員。儘管其豁免權之性質與範圍可能需要進一步判斷,但法庭認為,烏克蘭要求保護該24名人員所享有之豁免權為合理( “the 24 servicemen on board the vessels are Ukrainian military and security personnel. While the nature and scope of their immunity may require further scrutiny, the Tribunal considers that the rights to the immunity of the 24 servicemen claimed by Ukraine are plausible” (paragraph 98 of the Order)。
2.難以彌補之真實、緊迫危險
Real and imminent risk of irreparable prejudice
(《公約》第290條第5款之適用)
除非法庭認為在仲裁法庭成立前,對當事方之權益可能存在真實而迫切之危險,而恐造成難以彌補之損害,否則ITLOS不能裁定准予採取緊急措施(“unless it considers that there is a real and imminent risk that irreparable prejudice may be caused to the rights of parties to the dispute before the constitution and functioning of the Annex VII arbitral tribunal”
(paragraph 100 of the Order)。
因此引用 ARA Libertad乙案指出,根據《公約》第29條之定義,軍艦是懸掛該旗幟國家的主權一種形式。且得反映在《公約》與一般國際法所享有之豁免權上。任何影響軍艦豁免權之行動,都可能嚴重損害一國之尊嚴與和主權,且有損國家安全之虞(“a warship, as defined by article 29 of the Convention, ‘is an expression of the sovereignty of the State whose flag it flies’”. It adds that “[t]his reality is reflected in the immunity it enjoys under the Convention and general international law”. “any action affecting the immunity of warships is capable of causing serious harm to the dignity and sovereignty of a State and has the potential to undermine its national security” (paragraph 110 of the Order)。因此,俄羅斯之行動可能有烏克蘭所主張之: 造成難以挽回之損害。
況俄羅斯持續剝奪烏克蘭軍人之自由,也同時引發人權上之關切。因此法庭認為本件有難以彌補之真實、緊迫危險,須依據《公約》第290條第5項採取的緊急(臨時)措施。
(四)ITLOS所擬之臨時措施
法庭表示: 法庭得依據《公約》第290條第1項規定,採取認為適當之任何臨時措施,以維護爭端當事方各自之權利。第二,本件爭議之核心乃: 雙方對Kerch海峽過境制度有不同之解釋,而此爭議本質上就不是軍事上之爭議( “at the core of the dispute was the Parties’ differing interpretation of the regime of passage through the Kerch Strait” and that “such a dispute is not military in nature” (paragraph 72 of the Order). 。
第三,況俄羅斯在逮捕過程中還使用了武力,俄羅斯該武力之使用至為相關,該武力似屬於執法行動中使用強制力、而非軍事行動中使用武力(The Tribunal states that “the context in which such force was used is of particular relevance” and that “what occurred appears to be the use of force in the context of a law enforcement operation rather than a military operation” (paragraphs 73 and 74 of the Order)。
第四,因此法庭認為,2018年11月25日事件,證明了俄羅斯對烏克蘭海軍船艦採取的是執法程序中之逮捕及拘留,佐該國事後對烏國軍人之追訴行動等,再次證實了俄羅斯行動之本身即具有執法的本質。[“suggest that the arrest and detention of the Ukrainian naval vessels by the Russian Federation took place in the context of a law enforcement operation” (paragraph 75 of the Order). The “subsequent proceedings and charges against the servicemen further support the law enforcement nature of the activities of the Russian Federation” (paragraph 76 of the Order)]。
據此法院認為本案不適用公約第298條第1項(b)款。
(三)本件是否符合緊急情況之要件
1.聲請人主張的權利的合理性
法庭指出,就烏克蘭所循保障之權利是否合理乙節,認為:
烏克蘭是依據《公約》以及一般國際法,主張享有軍艦以及海軍輔助船艦與軍人之豁免權(“the rights claimed by Ukraine are rights to the immunity of warships and naval auxiliary vessels and their servicemen on board under the Convention and general international law” (paragraph 96 of the Order)。法庭認為,系爭船艦為《公約》第29條所指之軍艦、以及第96條使用於非商務活動的國營船隻。因此烏克蘭根據《公約》第32、58、95和96條主張權利為合理(該命令第97段)。
至於船上的24名軍人分別為烏克蘭軍事以及安全人員。儘管其豁免權之性質與範圍可能需要進一步判斷,但法庭認為,烏克蘭要求保護該24名人員所享有之豁免權為合理( “the 24 servicemen on board the vessels are Ukrainian military and security personnel. While the nature and scope of their immunity may require further scrutiny, the Tribunal considers that the rights to the immunity of the 24 servicemen claimed by Ukraine are plausible” (paragraph 98 of the Order)。
2.難以彌補之真實、緊迫危險
Real and imminent risk of irreparable prejudice
(《公約》第290條第5款之適用)
除非法庭認為在仲裁法庭成立前,對當事方之權益可能存在真實而迫切之危險,而恐造成難以彌補之損害,否則ITLOS不能裁定准予採取緊急措施(“unless it considers that there is a real and imminent risk that irreparable prejudice may be caused to the rights of parties to the dispute before the constitution and functioning of the Annex VII arbitral tribunal”
(paragraph 100 of the Order)。
因此引用 ARA Libertad乙案指出,根據《公約》第29條之定義,軍艦是懸掛該旗幟國家的主權一種形式。且得反映在《公約》與一般國際法所享有之豁免權上。任何影響軍艦豁免權之行動,都可能嚴重損害一國之尊嚴與和主權,且有損國家安全之虞(“a warship, as defined by article 29 of the Convention, ‘is an expression of the sovereignty of the State whose flag it flies’”. It adds that “[t]his reality is reflected in the immunity it enjoys under the Convention and general international law”. “any action affecting the immunity of warships is capable of causing serious harm to the dignity and sovereignty of a State and has the potential to undermine its national security” (paragraph 110 of the Order)。因此,俄羅斯之行動可能有烏克蘭所主張之: 造成難以挽回之損害。
況俄羅斯持續剝奪烏克蘭軍人之自由,也同時引發人權上之關切。因此法庭認為本件有難以彌補之真實、緊迫危險,須依據《公約》第290條第5項採取的緊急(臨時)措施。
(四)ITLOS所擬之臨時措施
1. 19票比1票
法院認為本案之情況,採取臨時措施系屬適當的,遂要求俄羅斯釋放三艘烏克蘭海軍艦船以及24名被捕之烏克蘭軍人,允渠等返回烏克蘭,以維護烏克蘭所主張之權利( “considers it appropriate under the circumstances of the present case to prescribe provisional measures requiring the Russian Federation to release the three Ukrainian naval vessels and the 24 detained Ukrainian servicemen and to allow them to return to Ukraine in order to preserve the rights claimed by Ukraine” (paragraph 118 of the Order of Provisional Measures, 25 May 2019 )。
2.但認為無必要要求俄羅斯停止對此24名被捕之烏克蘭軍人之刑事訴訟程序,也沒有必要限制俄羅斯提起其他新訴訟(“does not consider it necessary to require the Russian Federation to suspend criminal proceedings against the 24 detained Ukrainian servicemen and refrain from initiating new proceedings” (paragraph 119 of the Order).命令第119段)。
19票比1票
3.而且令雙方採取避免可能加劇或擴大爭端之行動,且將案件提交公約附件7仲裁法庭裁決( “to order both Parties to refrain from taking any action which might aggravate or extend the dispute submitted to the Annex VII arbitral tribunal” (paragraph 120 of the Order)。
19票比1票
國際海洋法法庭(ITLOS)裁定命兩國應於於2019年5月25日前,向法庭提交裁定第121段所述之初次報告(向法庭提交執行上開裁定之報告)。
三、仲裁法庭部分
【PCA】
事後烏克蘭向PCA提交仲裁,惟該案目前PCA仲裁程序停止中(Pending)尚無實體判決、仲裁判斷。
2020/6/22
By Wan-Li YANG
資料來源:
1.https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-polytics/2752938-itlos-appoints-three-arbitrators-in-ukraine-v-russia-case.html
2. Case Concerning the Detention of Three Ukrainian Naval Vessels (Ukraine v Russian Federation), https://law.nus.edu.sg/cmlcmidatabase/case-concerning-detention-three-ukrainian-naval-vessels-ukraine-v-russian-federation
3.ITLOS: https://www.itlos.org/cases/list-of-cases/
4.PCA: https://pca-cpa.org/en/cases/
5. CASE CONCERNING THE DETENTION OF THREE UKRAINIAN NAVAL VESSELS
(UKRAINE v. RUSSIAN FEDERATION)
Request for the prescription of provisional measures, 25 May 2019,
https://www.itlos.org/fileadmin/itlos/documents/cases/case_no_26/C26_Order_25.05.pdf
(UKRAINE v. RUSSIAN FEDERATION)
Request for the prescription of provisional measures, 25 May 2019,
https://www.itlos.org/fileadmin/itlos/documents/cases/case_no_26/C26_Order_25.05.pdf
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