Supreme Court loosens law on illegal searches
01.14.2009
The Supreme court rules in a 5-4 opinion that evidence from an illegal search can be used if an officer makes an innocent mistake.
2009.1.14美國最高法院以五比四通過認為非法搜索所得之證物因為警員非惡意的錯誤,而有證據能力。
本件美國最高法院做出來的判決所透漏出來的訊息即為放寬證據法則的認定。首席大法官認為犯罪者不能因為警員間的電腦錯誤或誤解而逍遙法外( go free).
The Supreme Court pulled back on the "exclusionary rule" Wednesday and ruled that evidence from an illegal search can be used if a police officer made an innocent mistake.The 5-4 opinion signals that the court is ready to rethink this key rule in criminal law and restrict its reach. It will also give prosecutors and judges nationwide more leeway to make use of evidence that may have been seen as questionable before.
Chief Justice John G. Roberts Jr. said the guilty should not "go free" just because a computer error or a misunderstanding between police officers led to a wrongful arrest or search.
[案件背景]
The officer, Mark Anderson, had called and been told by a clerk in a neighboring county that Bennie Dean Herring had failed to appear in court on a felony charge. But minutes after Anderson found methamphetamine and a pistol in Herring's car, the clerk called back to say the arrest warrant had been withdrawn. This fact had not been entered into the sheriff's department's computer.
The warrant, still active in the neighboring Dale County Sheriff's Office, was supposed to have been recalled five months prior, however someone had accidentally failed to remove it from the computer system.
在2004年7月間,員警Mark因為經鄰近county的助理(clerk) 告知因為嫌疑人Herring就他之前所犯的重罪,經傳喚未到庭,所以法庭有發逮捕令arrest warrant.(註:美國法制在[經傳未到]的情形,就該[經傳未到]又會觸犯另外一個[經傳未到]之罪名。相對於台灣,經傳未到,僅會有是否構成拘提、通緝之事由爾) 因此警察即對該駕駛車輛之嫌疑人予以逮捕,且查獲毒品與槍枝,想不到,數分鐘過後,clerk又打來表示該令狀已經撤銷,但是該撤銷的訊息尚未進入警局電腦系統中。因此被告即主張本案適用證據排除法則。
一審(the U.S. District Court for the Middle District of Alabama)駁回被告之聲請。
二審(The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit) 維持一審判決。( illegally obtained evidence should only be suppressed when doing so could "result in appreciable deterrence" of future police misconduct.)
[本件五位法官]
Justices Antonin Scalia, Anthony M. Kennedy, Clarence Thomas and Samuel A. Alito Jr. joined the chief justice.
[關鍵字 Key Word]
證據排除 證據排除法則 证据排除 证据规定
[網路意見]
1、本件根本非證據排除法則問題:因為就在現場執行之員警而言,根本沒有違法執行問題。there was no police misconduct to deter.
2、警員可以用此為藉口來托辭。
The police could always make some claim about believing there was a warrant after the fact. I am also more than a little puzzled that it seems like nearly all the Supreme Court decisions are decided 5 to 4.
資料來源:
1、http://www.oyez.org/cases/2000-2009/2008/2008_07_513/
2、Los Angeles Times
3、NPR : National Public Radio : News & Analysis, World, US, Music & Arts
整理: By Wan-Li Yang
2009.1.19
2009年1月19日 星期一
2009年1月6日 星期二
Judge Urged To Jail Madoff Without Bail 審前羈押馬多夫?
Judge Urged To Jail Madoff Without Bail 審前羈押馬多夫?
美國檢察官2008.1.5日天要求Magistrate Judge(預審法官) 將被控涉及金融詐騙案的華爾街掮客馬多夫(BernardMadoff)予以羈押(審前羈押)候審,並且指控他違反保釋規定。
目前紐約聯邦Magistrate Judge (預審法官)說,在檢視檢察官和被告及其辯護律師提出更多資料後,他將再做裁決。
70歲的馬多夫據傳坦承利用「龐氏騙局」,又稱老鼠會手法吸金數10億,導致投資人、銀行、慈善團體及大學等客戶損失慘重,他於2008年12月11日被警方以涉嫌詐欺罪名逮捕,但卻於日前以1000萬美元交保候傳。
「華爾街日報」(Wall Street Journal)報導,檢察官於2009.1.5指出,馬多夫於獲得交保後,將價值約1百萬美金的手錶、珠寶及其他貴重物品送給他的兄弟、兒子及佛羅里達州一對夫婦,違反保釋相關條件,因此聯邦檢察官要求法官將馬多夫予以羈押(審前羈押)且不予交保。
馬多夫的辯護律師碩金(Ira Sorkin)告訴法院,這些物品被送出去只是「無心之失」,並沒有違反保釋規定。
by Jim Zarroli/ NPR/ January 6, 2009 ·
Prosecutors in New York are asking a judge to put Bernard Madoff behind bars without bail. They told the judge Monday that the disgraced financier had violated bail conditions by mailing about $1 million worth of jewelry and other assets to relatives. At roughly the same time in Washington, a House hearing got under way on how regulators missed the alleged $50 billion Ponzi scheme Madoff is accused of running.
本案ㄧ開始馬多夫乃是在2008.12.11經逮捕(逕行拘提)的,不過當時尚無法預知馬多夫騙局之受害金額大小,而且當天馬多夫只是被指控ㄧ項證券詐欺的罪名,因此當時的預審法官依據Law.com的資料顯示是有經過檢方同意,而以1000萬元美金以及馬多夫位於佛州的房屋作為擔保而同意讓馬多夫具保釋放。不過,顯然預審法官這樣的決定,觸犯了眾怒,畢竟馬多夫幕後的詐欺騙局如滾雪球般一ㄧ浮出檯面,甚至有報導指出受害金額已經高達美金500億元,爲了彌補,預審法官馬上在2008.12.17修改其交保條件,要求馬多夫佩帶電子監控器與其他限制等補救措施。
Arrested on Dec. 11 on a single count of securities fraud, Madoff was released, with the government's consent, on a $10 million bond secured by his apartment in New York City and property in his wife's name on Long Island and in Florida.
Those conditions were later modified to include more restrictive home detention, electronic monitoring and a 24-hour security guard on the couple's apartment, with the service to be paid for by Mrs. Madoff.
不過顯然縱使檢察官、預審法官力求平衡,但是馬多夫案已經延燒到美國國會,美國國會就在2008.1.5開春就首次針對此案召開聽證會,眾院兩黨議員甚至表示,這個事件反映了聯邦證券管理委員會(SEC)整個體制存在嚴重問題,因為SEC十幾年來已經數度接獲檢舉,卻遲無反應,亦未調查。更恰好的是聯邦檢察官也再同一天(2008.1.5)請求預審法官以違反保釋條件(交保條件),將馬多夫予以羈押(審前羈押)。
馬多夫的律師,認為依據美國聯邦羈押保釋改革法案,只有在有逃亡之虞、對社會有潛在性危險等要件的情形下,讓被告可以在候審期間(pending trial)自由在外。
At issue was the Bail Reform Act, 18 U.S.C. §§3141-3150. Sorkin, Defense attorney, said the act contemplates only the risk of flight and potential danger to the community as factors in deciding whether a defendant should be allowed to stay at liberty pending trial. The public, he said, is in no danger if his client stays out of jail until the case is resolved.
不過聯邦檢察官則認為既然2008.1.18預審法官將not to dissipate assets當成是具保條件(保釋條件),被告卻在保釋期間將價值甚鉅之珠寶等物贈與,即屬於妨害司法之行為,此其ㄧ。並且引用保釋改革法案原初的立法意旨以及司法委員會意在擴大對社會危險性的定義,認為馬多夫詐騙之金額如此巨大即有逃亡之危險,而且馬多夫此ㄧ情形維持下去,等同於讓政府繞道去計算受害金額與清查有價值之財產(因為凍結財產前仍必須逐一清查究竟有何等財產)根本就不實際。
On Dec. 18, Madoff was ordered by Southern District of New York Judge Louis Stanton not to dissipate assets in an action brought against him and his firm by the Securities and Exchange Commission. Litt said the shipment amounts to obstruction of justice. Litt countered by citing legislative history -- that the Senate Judiciary Committee intended to adopt a "broader definition" of community safety in shaping the reform act. He also said Madoff remains a flight risk and that is it "simply impractical for the government to go around and collect anything of value." "The most significant thing is, in the face of a direct and clear order of which the defendant was aware, he violated that order," Litt said.
Sorkin insisted that circumstances had not changed to a degree to warrant pretrial detention.
當然,馬多夫的辯護律師Sorkin仍舊堅持馬多夫縱使有於保釋期間將珠寶等貴重物品予以贈與支情形,此情形仍未達到應予審前羈押的程度。
目前法官仍要求檢辯雙方提出: 預審法官能否就 保釋條件重新審查(a de novo review of bail conditions)的意見。就此點,聯邦檢察官已經表示:預審法官當然能針對什麼是最適當的條件來自由判斷,更何況,目前的情況來看已經與當初交保的情形有所不同了。
Magistrate Judge Ellis also wanted the two sides to brief whether he can conduct a de novo review of bail conditions.Litt responded that the judge is "free to evaluate what the appropriate conditions are," and Ellis can always examine "the totality of the circumstances" in deciding whether to detain Madoff, and those circumstances have changed.
2008.12.11 arrested
2008.12.17 changed conditions
2009.1.5 Assistant U.S. Attorney Marc Litt of the Southern District of New York told a magistrate judge Monday that Madoff and his wife Ruth mailed in excess of $1 million in valuables late last month despite a court order in a related civil case requiring the accused mastermind of a multi-billion dollar Ponzi scheme not to dissipate assets.
note:
1. NPR:http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=99036129
2.Mark Hamblett,Prosecutor Seeks to Revoke Madoff's Bail for Mailing Valuables to Others,New York Law JournalJanuary 6, 2009,http://www.law.com/jsp/article.jsp?id=1202427230037 2009.1.7
3.eTaiwan News - Taiwan(中央社紐約5日法新電)
4.【聯合報╱國際中心/綜合華盛頓5日外電報導2009.01.07 04:04 am】馬多夫騙局 「證管會大疏失」http://udn.com/NEWS/WORLD/WOR6/4675713.shtml
By Wan-Li Yang 2009.1.7
美國檢察官2008.1.5日天要求Magistrate Judge(預審法官) 將被控涉及金融詐騙案的華爾街掮客馬多夫(BernardMadoff)予以羈押(審前羈押)候審,並且指控他違反保釋規定。
目前紐約聯邦Magistrate Judge (預審法官)說,在檢視檢察官和被告及其辯護律師提出更多資料後,他將再做裁決。
70歲的馬多夫據傳坦承利用「龐氏騙局」,又稱老鼠會手法吸金數10億,導致投資人、銀行、慈善團體及大學等客戶損失慘重,他於2008年12月11日被警方以涉嫌詐欺罪名逮捕,但卻於日前以1000萬美元交保候傳。
「華爾街日報」(Wall Street Journal)報導,檢察官於2009.1.5指出,馬多夫於獲得交保後,將價值約1百萬美金的手錶、珠寶及其他貴重物品送給他的兄弟、兒子及佛羅里達州一對夫婦,違反保釋相關條件,因此聯邦檢察官要求法官將馬多夫予以羈押(審前羈押)且不予交保。
馬多夫的辯護律師碩金(Ira Sorkin)告訴法院,這些物品被送出去只是「無心之失」,並沒有違反保釋規定。
by Jim Zarroli/ NPR/ January 6, 2009 ·
Prosecutors in New York are asking a judge to put Bernard Madoff behind bars without bail. They told the judge Monday that the disgraced financier had violated bail conditions by mailing about $1 million worth of jewelry and other assets to relatives. At roughly the same time in Washington, a House hearing got under way on how regulators missed the alleged $50 billion Ponzi scheme Madoff is accused of running.
本案ㄧ開始馬多夫乃是在2008.12.11經逮捕(逕行拘提)的,不過當時尚無法預知馬多夫騙局之受害金額大小,而且當天馬多夫只是被指控ㄧ項證券詐欺的罪名,因此當時的預審法官依據Law.com的資料顯示是有經過檢方同意,而以1000萬元美金以及馬多夫位於佛州的房屋作為擔保而同意讓馬多夫具保釋放。不過,顯然預審法官這樣的決定,觸犯了眾怒,畢竟馬多夫幕後的詐欺騙局如滾雪球般一ㄧ浮出檯面,甚至有報導指出受害金額已經高達美金500億元,爲了彌補,預審法官馬上在2008.12.17修改其交保條件,要求馬多夫佩帶電子監控器與其他限制等補救措施。
Arrested on Dec. 11 on a single count of securities fraud, Madoff was released, with the government's consent, on a $10 million bond secured by his apartment in New York City and property in his wife's name on Long Island and in Florida.
Those conditions were later modified to include more restrictive home detention, electronic monitoring and a 24-hour security guard on the couple's apartment, with the service to be paid for by Mrs. Madoff.
不過顯然縱使檢察官、預審法官力求平衡,但是馬多夫案已經延燒到美國國會,美國國會就在2008.1.5開春就首次針對此案召開聽證會,眾院兩黨議員甚至表示,這個事件反映了聯邦證券管理委員會(SEC)整個體制存在嚴重問題,因為SEC十幾年來已經數度接獲檢舉,卻遲無反應,亦未調查。更恰好的是聯邦檢察官也再同一天(2008.1.5)請求預審法官以違反保釋條件(交保條件),將馬多夫予以羈押(審前羈押)。
馬多夫的律師,認為依據美國聯邦羈押保釋改革法案,只有在有逃亡之虞、對社會有潛在性危險等要件的情形下,讓被告可以在候審期間(pending trial)自由在外。
At issue was the Bail Reform Act, 18 U.S.C. §§3141-3150. Sorkin, Defense attorney, said the act contemplates only the risk of flight and potential danger to the community as factors in deciding whether a defendant should be allowed to stay at liberty pending trial. The public, he said, is in no danger if his client stays out of jail until the case is resolved.
不過聯邦檢察官則認為既然2008.1.18預審法官將not to dissipate assets當成是具保條件(保釋條件),被告卻在保釋期間將價值甚鉅之珠寶等物贈與,即屬於妨害司法之行為,此其ㄧ。並且引用保釋改革法案原初的立法意旨以及司法委員會意在擴大對社會危險性的定義,認為馬多夫詐騙之金額如此巨大即有逃亡之危險,而且馬多夫此ㄧ情形維持下去,等同於讓政府繞道去計算受害金額與清查有價值之財產(因為凍結財產前仍必須逐一清查究竟有何等財產)根本就不實際。
On Dec. 18, Madoff was ordered by Southern District of New York Judge Louis Stanton not to dissipate assets in an action brought against him and his firm by the Securities and Exchange Commission. Litt said the shipment amounts to obstruction of justice. Litt countered by citing legislative history -- that the Senate Judiciary Committee intended to adopt a "broader definition" of community safety in shaping the reform act. He also said Madoff remains a flight risk and that is it "simply impractical for the government to go around and collect anything of value." "The most significant thing is, in the face of a direct and clear order of which the defendant was aware, he violated that order," Litt said.
Sorkin insisted that circumstances had not changed to a degree to warrant pretrial detention.
當然,馬多夫的辯護律師Sorkin仍舊堅持馬多夫縱使有於保釋期間將珠寶等貴重物品予以贈與支情形,此情形仍未達到應予審前羈押的程度。
目前法官仍要求檢辯雙方提出: 預審法官能否就 保釋條件重新審查(a de novo review of bail conditions)的意見。就此點,聯邦檢察官已經表示:預審法官當然能針對什麼是最適當的條件來自由判斷,更何況,目前的情況來看已經與當初交保的情形有所不同了。
Magistrate Judge Ellis also wanted the two sides to brief whether he can conduct a de novo review of bail conditions.Litt responded that the judge is "free to evaluate what the appropriate conditions are," and Ellis can always examine "the totality of the circumstances" in deciding whether to detain Madoff, and those circumstances have changed.
2008.12.11 arrested
2008.12.17 changed conditions
2009.1.5 Assistant U.S. Attorney Marc Litt of the Southern District of New York told a magistrate judge Monday that Madoff and his wife Ruth mailed in excess of $1 million in valuables late last month despite a court order in a related civil case requiring the accused mastermind of a multi-billion dollar Ponzi scheme not to dissipate assets.
note:
1. NPR:http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=99036129
2.Mark Hamblett,Prosecutor Seeks to Revoke Madoff's Bail for Mailing Valuables to Others,New York Law JournalJanuary 6, 2009,http://www.law.com/jsp/article.jsp?id=1202427230037 2009.1.7
3.eTaiwan News - Taiwan(中央社紐約5日法新電)
4.【聯合報╱國際中心/綜合華盛頓5日外電報導2009.01.07 04:04 am】馬多夫騙局 「證管會大疏失」http://udn.com/NEWS/WORLD/WOR6/4675713.shtml
By Wan-Li Yang 2009.1.7
2008年10月28日 星期二
Sen. Stevens Found Guilty Of Lying About Gifts
阿拉斯加州參議員史蒂文斯財產申報不實被判有罪
資料來源:MSN新聞
(路透華盛頓27日電)共和黨籍阿拉斯加州參議員史蒂文斯(Ted Stevens)遭檢察官指控財產來源申報不實,而起訴其7項不實陳述罪,今天(2008.10.28)該7項罪名均被判有罪。
84歲的史蒂文斯因為向參議院謊報而遭到起訴的7項罪名通通被判有罪,犯罪事實包括漏報25餘萬美元的家庭裝修費用以及收受石油企業高層主管饋贈禮品等。
Ted Stevens始終辯稱自己絕對清白。
Note:
1.本案被告被指控之罪名為不實陳述罪,因此,定罪的罪名並非貪污(收受餽贈),而是收受餽贈的財產並未加以申報之不實陳述罪,詳情參見:Alaska Sen. Ted Stevens Goes On Trial
2.http://www.npr.org/
Alaska Sen. Ted Stevens was convicted of seven corruption charges Monday in a trial that tainted the 40-year Senate career of Alaska's political patriarch.
3.http://news.msn.com.tw/
[關鍵字]
財產來源不明罪
不實陳述罪
Wanli Yang 2008.8.28資料整理
資料來源:MSN新聞
(路透華盛頓27日電)共和黨籍阿拉斯加州參議員史蒂文斯(Ted Stevens)遭檢察官指控財產來源申報不實,而起訴其7項不實陳述罪,今天(2008.10.28)該7項罪名均被判有罪。
84歲的史蒂文斯因為向參議院謊報而遭到起訴的7項罪名通通被判有罪,犯罪事實包括漏報25餘萬美元的家庭裝修費用以及收受石油企業高層主管饋贈禮品等。
Ted Stevens始終辯稱自己絕對清白。
Note:
1.本案被告被指控之罪名為不實陳述罪,因此,定罪的罪名並非貪污(收受餽贈),而是收受餽贈的財產並未加以申報之不實陳述罪,詳情參見:Alaska Sen. Ted Stevens Goes On Trial
2.http://www.npr.org/
Alaska Sen. Ted Stevens was convicted of seven corruption charges Monday in a trial that tainted the 40-year Senate career of Alaska's political patriarch.
3.http://news.msn.com.tw/
[關鍵字]
財產來源不明罪
不實陳述罪
Wanli Yang 2008.8.28資料整理
2008年9月24日 星期三
Alaska Sen. Ted Stevens Goes On Trial
任職最長參議員Ted Stevens被訴 隱瞞收禮 接受裝修
[關鍵字 key word]
財產來源不明罪
不實陳述罪
[文章內容]
84歲的Ted Stevens是美國任職時間最長的國會參議員。
Ted Stevens為共和黨籍,於2008年7月29日被聯邦大陪審團以他並未誠實為財產申報而起訴七項隱瞞收入的不實陳述罪(重罪, Ted Stevens Tuesday on seven counts of filing false financial disclosures.),這次的指控使他成為1993年以來首位被聯邦大陪審團起訴的國會參議員。
史蒂文斯 Ted Stevens 發表聲明聲稱自己無罪,在2008年9月22日本案開始進入審理程序中的選任陪審員( Jury selection)程序。不過法庭原本預計以3日的時間完成陪審員的選任,但是光是2008年9月23日當天,法官( Judge Emmet Sullivan)已經就哥倫比亞特區中的 45名居民( residents)審查其等是否能於本案審理中公正無偏見( to see if they can be fair and impartial when hearing the case),卻無法如期完成。
本案美國司法部於2008年7月29日起訴日當天下午舉行記者會,宣布聯邦大陪審團起訴在參院任職達40年的史蒂文斯; 媒體預估史蒂文斯 Ted Stevens 被起訴將進一步影響共和黨2008年11月的大選。目前民主黨在參院以51比49領先共和黨,正在努力爭取60比40的多數,從而使共和黨在國會的拖延戰術失效。
聯邦檢察官表示,從1999年5月至2007年8月,長達8年的時間,Ted Stevens得到阿拉斯加最大石油服務公司VECO及該公司前執行長艾倫(Bill Allen)贈送的價值美金25萬元的禮物和服務,而史蒂文斯並未申報這些收入。(包括:VECO為他大規模裝修一幢度假屋,包括換新地板,設置車庫、圍繞房屋的陽台、管道、電路,提供一個維京牌瓦斯烤箱,配備家具和工具等。Ted Stevens還被控用一輛老舊福特汽車與五千元交換一輛新的路寶(Land Rover)汽車,也未加以申報)。
美國司法部表示,執法部門期待史蒂文斯自己投案,不會逮捕他。
資料來源(Note):
1、2008-07-30世界日報
2、Libby Casey,Alaska Sen. Ted Stevens Goes On Trial,September 22, 2008 · NPR News. Jury selection begins Monday in the trial of Alaska Sen. Ted Stevens. The Republican Party's longest-serving senator faces seven counts of lying on his Senate disclosure forms.
3、http://aprn.org/
4、New York Times http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/30/washington/30stevens.html
5、A copy of the indictment can be found here(聯邦大陪審團的起訴書): http://graphics8.nytimes.com/packages/pdf/washington/20080729stevensindictment.pdf
起訴Ted Stevens的罪名1: 不實陳述罪 False Statments(18 U.S.C. § 1001(a)(1))
罪名2-7: 不實陳述罪 False Statments (18 U.S.C. § 1001.(a)(2) )主要是在每一年的財產申報書上(Financial Disclosure Form)針對NO或YES的回答,有所不實。
這跟台灣近期在吵的財產來源不明罪,似乎是不同的。
6、註:我國針對被告的不實陳述(說謊)是沒有處罰的規定的,所以被告不管在警察局、檢察官、法官開庭時如何說謊,縱使被查到,是沒有處罰規定的(很不可思議吧 !)。在美國,被告有權利保持沉默,但是不表示被告可以像台灣被告一樣隨便亂講,在US不管任何人對執法單位說謊,或者就像本案的Ted Stevens一樣,在財產申報表格上不實陳述(填載)都有可能面臨不實陳述罪的指控。
7 自由時報記者施曉光 ,財產來源不明罪 藍委倡追溯, 2008/8/31.""法務部擬妥「貪污治罪條例修正草案」..將增訂第6條之1,規定「公務員違反不明來源財產之說明義務罪」,刑度訂在3年以下。並在第十條增訂第2項,明定公務員不明來源財產視為貪污犯罪所得財物,可依法扣押、沒收、追徵、追繳或抵償。''''
By: WanLi Yang 2008/9/25 Taiwan Tainan
[關鍵字 key word]
財產來源不明罪
不實陳述罪
[文章內容]
84歲的Ted Stevens是美國任職時間最長的國會參議員。
Ted Stevens為共和黨籍,於2008年7月29日被聯邦大陪審團以他並未誠實為財產申報而起訴七項隱瞞收入的不實陳述罪(重罪, Ted Stevens Tuesday on seven counts of filing false financial disclosures.),這次的指控使他成為1993年以來首位被聯邦大陪審團起訴的國會參議員。
史蒂文斯 Ted Stevens 發表聲明聲稱自己無罪,在2008年9月22日本案開始進入審理程序中的選任陪審員( Jury selection)程序。不過法庭原本預計以3日的時間完成陪審員的選任,但是光是2008年9月23日當天,法官( Judge Emmet Sullivan)已經就哥倫比亞特區中的 45名居民( residents)審查其等是否能於本案審理中公正無偏見( to see if they can be fair and impartial when hearing the case),卻無法如期完成。
本案美國司法部於2008年7月29日起訴日當天下午舉行記者會,宣布聯邦大陪審團起訴在參院任職達40年的史蒂文斯; 媒體預估史蒂文斯 Ted Stevens 被起訴將進一步影響共和黨2008年11月的大選。目前民主黨在參院以51比49領先共和黨,正在努力爭取60比40的多數,從而使共和黨在國會的拖延戰術失效。
聯邦檢察官表示,從1999年5月至2007年8月,長達8年的時間,Ted Stevens得到阿拉斯加最大石油服務公司VECO及該公司前執行長艾倫(Bill Allen)贈送的價值美金25萬元的禮物和服務,而史蒂文斯並未申報這些收入。(包括:VECO為他大規模裝修一幢度假屋,包括換新地板,設置車庫、圍繞房屋的陽台、管道、電路,提供一個維京牌瓦斯烤箱,配備家具和工具等。Ted Stevens還被控用一輛老舊福特汽車與五千元交換一輛新的路寶(Land Rover)汽車,也未加以申報)。
美國司法部表示,執法部門期待史蒂文斯自己投案,不會逮捕他。
資料來源(Note):
1、2008-07-30世界日報
2、Libby Casey,Alaska Sen. Ted Stevens Goes On Trial,September 22, 2008 · NPR News. Jury selection begins Monday in the trial of Alaska Sen. Ted Stevens. The Republican Party's longest-serving senator faces seven counts of lying on his Senate disclosure forms.
3、http://aprn.org/
4、New York Times http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/30/washington/30stevens.html
5、A copy of the indictment can be found here(聯邦大陪審團的起訴書): http://graphics8.nytimes.com/packages/pdf/washington/20080729stevensindictment.pdf
起訴Ted Stevens的罪名1: 不實陳述罪 False Statments(18 U.S.C. § 1001(a)(1))
罪名2-7: 不實陳述罪 False Statments (18 U.S.C. § 1001.(a)(2) )主要是在每一年的財產申報書上(Financial Disclosure Form)針對NO或YES的回答,有所不實。
這跟台灣近期在吵的財產來源不明罪,似乎是不同的。
6、註:我國針對被告的不實陳述(說謊)是沒有處罰的規定的,所以被告不管在警察局、檢察官、法官開庭時如何說謊,縱使被查到,是沒有處罰規定的(很不可思議吧 !)。在美國,被告有權利保持沉默,但是不表示被告可以像台灣被告一樣隨便亂講,在US不管任何人對執法單位說謊,或者就像本案的Ted Stevens一樣,在財產申報表格上不實陳述(填載)都有可能面臨不實陳述罪的指控。
7 自由時報記者施曉光 ,財產來源不明罪 藍委倡追溯, 2008/8/31.""法務部擬妥「貪污治罪條例修正草案」..將增訂第6條之1,規定「公務員違反不明來源財產之說明義務罪」,刑度訂在3年以下。並在第十條增訂第2項,明定公務員不明來源財產視為貪污犯罪所得財物,可依法扣押、沒收、追徵、追繳或抵償。''''
By: WanLi Yang 2008/9/25 Taiwan Tainan
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