2009年9月28日 星期一
中華民國刑法暨其施行法英譯(7)刑法英文25-31
中華民國刑法
第 一 編 總則 § 1
第 一 章 法例 § 1-11
第 二 章 刑事責任 § 12-24 Chapter 2 Criminal Responsinility 12-24
第 三 章 未遂犯 § 25-27 Chapter 3 Attempt
Article 25
An attempt is an overt act performed in the commission of an offense that is not accomplished.
An attempt is punishable only if specifically so provided and the punishment may be reduced from that for an accomplished offense.
第 25 條 (未遂犯)
已著手於犯罪行為之實行而不遂者,為未遂犯。
未遂犯之處罰,以有特別規定者為限,並得按既遂犯之刑減輕之。
Article 26
A conduct (act) that is impossible to accomplish the intended offense and is not dangerous is not punishable.
第 26 條 (不能犯之處罰)
行為不能發生犯罪之結果,又無危險者,不罰。
Article 27
If an overt act is performed in the commission of an offense and the actor voluntarily renounces the act or prevents it from producing its result, the punishment shall be reduced or remitted. This provision shall also apply to a case when the result does not occur but not due to the act of prevention by the actor so long as the actor has done his utmost to prevent it.
The provisions of the preceding paragraph applies to one or multiple joint offenders who voluntarily prevent the occurrence of the result, or who have done their utmost to prevent it but the non-occurrence of the result is not due to the act of prevention.
第 27 條 (中止犯)
已著手於犯罪行為之實行,而因己意中止或防止其結果之發生者,減輕或免除其刑。結果之不發生,非防止行為所致,而行為人已盡力為防止行為者,亦同。
前項規定,於正犯或共犯中之一人或數人,因己意防止犯罪結果之發生,或結果之不發生,非防止行為所致,而行為人已盡力為防止行為者,亦適用之。
第 四 章 正犯與共犯 § 28-31 Chapter 4 Principal Offenders and Joint Offenders
Article 28
Each of the two or more persons acting jointly in the commission of an offense is a principal offender.第 28 條 (共同正犯)
二人以上共同實行犯罪之行為者,皆為正犯。
Article 29
A person who solicits another to have committed an offense is a solicitor.
A solicitor shall be punished according to the punishment prescribed for the solicited offense.
第 29 條 (教唆犯及其處罰)
教唆他人使之實行犯罪行為者,為教唆犯。
教唆犯之處罰,依其所教唆之罪處罰之。
Article 30
A person who aids another in the commission of a crime is an accessory notwithstanding that the person aided does not know of the assistance.
The punishment prescribed for an accessory may be reduced from that prescribed for the principal offender.
第 30 條 (幫助犯及其處罰)
幫助他人實行犯罪行為者,為幫助犯。雖他人不知幫助之情者,亦同。
幫助犯之處罰,得按正犯之刑減輕之。
Article 31
A person who joins, solicits or aids another in an offense established on the basis of personal or other special relationship shall be considered a principal offender (or joint offender) but the punishment may be reduced.
If the punishment is to be increased, reduced, or remitted because of personal special relationship, an offender who has no such special relationship shall be given the normally prescribed punishment.
第 31 條 (正犯或共犯與身份)
因身分或其他特定關係成立之罪,其共同實行、教唆或幫助者,雖無特定關係,仍以正犯或共犯論。但得減輕其刑。
因身分或其他特定關係致刑有重輕或免除者,其無特定關係之人,科以通常之刑。
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各國刑法英文版 、中華民國刑法英譯(1)刑法總則用語 、刑法英譯1-9 、刑法英譯10-11 、刑法英譯 12-24 、刑法英文 25-31 、刑法英文32-40 、刑法英譯41-47 、刑法英譯48-56 、刑法法條中文版、Taiwan Law 、刑法法條中文Taiwan Criminal Law(in chinese version)、
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2009.09.29 By Wan-Li Yang
2009年9月25日 星期五
中華民國刑法暨其施行法英譯(6)刑法英文12-24
Chapter 2
中華民國刑法暨其施行法英譯(6) 刑法 第二章 刑事責任英文 12-24
第 一 編 總則
第 一 章 法例 § 1-11
第 二 章 刑事責任 § 12-24 [ Chapter 2 Criminal Responsibility]
Article 12
A conduct is not punishable unless committed intentionally or negligently.
Negligent conduct is punishable only if specifically so provided.
第 12 條
行為非出於故意或過失者,不罰。
過失行為之處罰,以有特別規定者,為限。
Article 13
A conduct (act) is committed intentionally if the actor knowingly and intentionally causes the accomplishment of the elements of an offense.
A conduct (act) is considered an intentional commission of an offense if the actor is aware that the act will accomplish the elements of the offense and if such accomplishment is not against his will.
第 13 條
行為人對於構成犯罪之事實,明知並有意使其發生者,為故意。
行為人對於構成犯罪之事實,預見其發生而其發生並不違背其本意者,以故意論。
Article 14
A conduct (act) is committed negligently if the actor fails, although not intentionally, to exercise his duty of care that he should and could have exercised in the circumstances.
A conduct (act) is considered to have been committed negligently if the actor is aware that his conduct would, but firmly believes it will not, accomplish an element.
第 14 條
行為人雖非故意,但按其情節應注意,並能注意,而不注意者,為過失。
行為人對於構成犯罪之事實,雖預見其能發生而確信其不發生者,以過失論。(note: the concept of foreseeability )
Article 15
A person who has a legal obligation and is able to prevent the results of the occurrence of an offense but has failed to do so shall be considered to have caused the occurrence of the result through his omission to act.
If a conduct of a person causes the danger of producing the result of an offense, the person has a legal obligation to prevent the occurrence of the result.
第 15 條
對於犯罪結果之發生,法律上有防止之義務,能防止而不防止者,與因積極行為發生結果者同。
因自己行為致有發生犯罪結果之危險者,負防止其發生之義務。
Article 16
Criminal responsibility shall not be excused simply because of ignorance of the law unless there are rightful reasons for being unable to avoid the offense, but the punishment may be reduced according to situations.
第 16 條
除有正當理由而無法避免者外,不得因不知法律而免除刑事責任。但按其情節,得減輕其刑。(note: Ignorance of the law is no defense. )( What is a “rightful reason?” check presedents.)
Article 17
Increased punishment prescribed for a certain specified aggravated result of an offense shall not apply if the actor cannot be aware of ( foresee) the aggravated result of the offense.
第 17 條
因犯罪致發生一定之結果,而有加重其刑之規定者,如行為人不能預見其發生時,不適用之。
Article 18
An offense committed by a person who is under fourteen years of age is not punishable.
Punishment may be reduced for an offense committed by a person over the age of fourteen but under the age of eighteen
Punishment may be reduced for an offense committed by a person who was over the age of eighty.
第 18 條
未滿十四歲人之行為,不罰。
十四歲以上未滿十八歲人之行為,得減輕其刑。
滿八十歲人之行為,得減輕其刑。
Article 19
An offense is not punishable if it is committed by a person who is handicapped by mental disease or defect and, as a result, is unable or less able to judge his act.
The punishment may be reduced for an offense committed for the reasons mentioned in the preceding paragraph or as a result of obvious reduction in the ability of judgment.
Provisions prescribed in the two preceding paragraphs shall not apply to a person who intentionally brings about their own handicap or mental defect.
第 19 條
行為時因精神障礙或其他心智缺陷,致不能辨識其行為違法或欠缺依其辨識而行為之能力者,不罰。
行為時因前項之原因,致其辨識行為違法或依其辨識而行為之能力,顯著減低者,得減輕其刑。
前二項規定,於因故意或過失自行招致者,不適用之。
Article 20
Punishment may be reduced for an act committed by a person who is deaf and dumb.
第 20 條
瘖啞人之行為,得減輕其刑。
Article 21
A act performed in accordance with law or order is not punishable.
Act performed by a public official in line of his duties or on orders of his superior is not punishable unless the official knows that such orders are against the law.
第 21 條
依法令之行為,不罰。
依所屬上級公務員命令之職務上行為,不罰。但明知命令違法者,不在此限。
Article 22 A proper act performed in the course of due business is not punishable.
第 22 條
業務上之正當行為,不罰。
Article 23 (self defense)
An act performed by a person in defense of his own rights or the rights of another against immediate unlawful aggression thereof is not punishable. If the force of defense is excessive, punishment may be reduced or remitted.
第 23 條
對於現在不法之侵害,而出於防衛自己或他人權利之行為,不罰。但防衛行為過當者,得減輕或免除其刑。
Article 24
A conduct performed by a person to avert imminent danger, otherwise unavoidable to the life, person, freedom, or property of himself or of another is not punishable. If the measure of averting danger is excessive, punishment may be reduced or remitted.
The provisions of the preceding paragraph relating to averting danger to him do not apply to a person acting under an obligation resulting from his official or business duties.
第 24 條
因避免自己或他人生命、身體、自由、財產之緊急危難而出於不得已之行為,不罰。但避難行為過當者,得減輕或免除其刑。
前項關於避免自己危難之規定,於公務上或業務上有特別義務者,不適用之。
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各國刑法英文版 、中華民國刑法英譯(1)刑法總則用語 、刑法英譯1-9 、刑法英譯10-11 、刑法英譯 12-24 、刑法英文 25-31 、刑法英文32-40 、刑法英譯41-47 、刑法英譯48-56 、刑法法條中文版、Taiwan Law 、刑法法條中文Taiwan Criminal Law(in chinese version)、
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By Wanli.Yang 2009.9.26
中華民國刑法暨其施行法英譯(5)刑法英文10-11
刑法英文版第10條至第11條中英對照
Article 10
The terms ''more than,'' "not more than," or "within" are all counted by including the figure or punishment stated in each case.
The term "public official" means the following categories of persons who exercise public duties under law or other:
1. Those who serve an organization of the State or a local self-governance body with legal function and power and others who are engaged in public affairs in accordance with law with legal function and power.
2. Those who, entrusted by an organization of the State or a self-governance body, are engaged according to law in the discharge of the trusted public affairs that are within the power of the said organization.
The term "official document" means a document made by a public official in the course of his duty.
The term "aggravated injury" means one of the following listed injuries:
1. Destruction of or seriously damage to the sight of one or both eyes
2. Destruction of or serious damage to the hearing of one or both ears
3. Destruction of or serious damage to the power of speech, taste, or smell
4. Destruction of or serious damage to the functioning of one or more limbs
5. Destruction of or serious damage to the power of reproduction
6. Other serious injury to body or to health that is either impossible or difficult to cure (is either not or unlikely curable)
The term sexual intercourse means the following listed sexual acts that are not based on rightful purposes:
1. Insertion of a reproduction organ into the reproduction organ, anus or mouth of another person or an act that makes them connect
2. Insertion of a body part or object other than the reproduction organ into the reproduction organ or anus of another person or an act to make them connect
The term electromagnetic recording means records for computer process made through the use of electronic, magnetic, optical or other similar means.
中華民國刑法 第 10 條
稱以上、以下、以內者,俱連本數或本刑計算。
稱公務員者,謂下列人員:
一、依法令服務於國家、地方自治團體所屬機關而具有法定職務權限,以及其他依法令從事於公共事務,而具有法定職務權限者。
二、受國家、地方自治團體所屬機關依法委託,從事與委託機關權限有關之公共事務者。
稱公文書者,謂公務員職務上製作之文書。
稱重傷者,謂下列傷害:
一、毀敗或嚴重減損一目或二目之視能。
二、毀敗或嚴重減損一耳或二耳之聽能。
三、毀敗或嚴重減損語能、味能或嗅能。
四、毀敗或嚴重減損一肢以上之機能。
五、毀敗或嚴重減損生殖之機能。
六、其他於身體或健康,有重大不治或難治之傷害。
稱性交者,謂非基於正當目的所為之下列性侵入行為:
一、以性器進入他人之性器、肛門或口腔,或使之接合之行為。
二、以性器以外之其他身體部位或器物進入他人之性器、肛門,或使之接合之行為。
稱電磁紀錄者,謂以電子、磁性、光學或其他相類之方式所製成,而供電腦處理之紀錄。
Article 11
The General Provisions of this Code shall also apply to other laws and to rehabilitative measures that provide the penal punishment, unless the punishment is otherwise prescribed in these laws and measures.
第 11 條
本法總則於其他法律有刑罰或保安處分之規定者,亦適用之。但其他法律有特別規定者,不在此限。
各國刑法英文版 、
中華民國刑法暨其施行法英譯(1)刑法總則用語 、
中華民國刑法暨其施行法英譯(2)刑法英文1-9 、
中華民國刑法暨其施行法英譯(5)刑法英文10-11 、
刑法英文32-40 、
中華民國刑法暨其施行法英譯(3)刑法英文41-47 、
中華民國刑法暨其施行法英譯(4)刑法英文48-56 、
刑法法條中文版、
Taiwan Law 、
刑法法條中文Taiwan Criminal Law(in chinese version)、
2009年9月11日 星期五
新聞:羈押期間修正為1個月
【聯合報╱記者王文玲/台北報導】
2009.08.18 03:31 am
司法院決定翻修刑事訴訟法中羈押期限及抗告規定,偵查中羈押期間由四個月減為兩個月,另增加審判中重罪案件的羈押期間限制,一、二審最長不能超過十五個月。
此外,對於聲請羈押的抗告案,司法院也將修法要求抗告法院「自為裁定」,除非有不得已情形,才准「例外」發回,終結抗告案在一、二審間反覆來回的爭議。
司法院秘書長謝文定在速審法的公聽會上指出,羈押期限版本,法務部是偵查中最長四個月,分別是第一次兩個月,一次可延長一個月,得延長兩次。
律師公會的版本是卅天,第一次十天,得延長兩次,合計卅天。司法院的想法則是兩個月,第一次一個月,得延長一次一個月。
【2009/08/18 聯合報】@ http://udn.com/
2009年9月10日 星期四
強迫入學事宜
強迫入學條例
強迫入學條例施行細則
背景說明: 家長不讓兒童就學,應多次溝通無效,應如何處理?
Q:能否依據行政執行法36為之?
Q:能否依據兒童及少年福利法30、36條為之?
Q:先緊急安置較好、先聲請改訂親權較好? 還是同時為之?
Q:應該由何單位執行?(強迫入學委員會、還是 社會局)
Q:行政單位應如何裁處(如下)?
(1)強迫入學條例:行政罰單位「鄉鎮市區公所」/金額:100元以下罰鍰。
(2)兒童及少年福利法第58條:新台幣6萬元以上30萬元以下罰鍰,且公告姓名。
其他相關網誌:
兒童及少年性交易防制條例實務問題2.
兒童及少年性交易防制條例實務問題1.
兒童及少年福利法實務問題3 。
相關法條:
兒童及少年福利法
By Wan-Li Yang
2010.03.31
2009年9月9日 星期三
犯罪被害人保護-被害人補償金之申請
法規:犯罪被害人保護法 (民國 98 年 05 月 27 日 修正) 第 30 條:
犯罪被害人保護機構應辦理下列業務:
一、緊急之生理、心理醫療及安置之協助。
二、偵查、審判中及審判後之協助。
三、申請補償、社會救助及民事求償等之協助。
四、調查犯罪行為人或依法應負賠償責任人財產之協助。
五、安全保護之協助。
六、生理、心理治療及生活重建之協助。
七、被害人保護之宣導。
八、其他之協助。
前項規定之保護措施除第三款申請補償外,於下列之對象準用之:
一、家庭暴力或人口販運犯罪行為未死亡或受重傷之被害人。
二、兒童或少年為第一條以外之犯罪行為之被害人。
三、犯罪被害人為大陸地區、香港、澳門或外國籍之配偶或勞工。
其他法律對前項保護對象,有相同或較優保護措施規定者,應優先適用。
第三十三條之規定,於第二項第三款之犯罪被害人,不適用之。
犯罪被害人保護法 第 33 條
本法於外國人為被害人時,應本互惠原則適用之。
金額:犯罪被害人保護法 第 9 條
補償之項目及其最高金額如下:
一、因被害人受傷所支出之醫療費,最高金額不得逾新臺幣四十萬元。
二、因被害人死亡所支出之殯葬費,最高金額不得逾新臺幣三十萬元。
三、因被害人死亡致無法履行之法定扶養義務,最高金額不得逾新臺幣一
百萬元。四、受重傷或性侵害犯罪行為之被害人所喪失或減少之勞動能力或增加之
生活上需要,最高金額不得逾新臺幣一百萬元。
五、精神慰撫金,最高金額不得逾新臺幣四十萬元。
因犯罪行為被害而死亡者之遺屬,得申請前項第一款至第三款及第五款所
定補償金;因犯罪行為被害而受重傷者或性侵害犯罪行為而被害者,得申
請前項第一款、第四款及第五款所定補償金。
得申請補償金之遺屬有數人時,每一遺屬均得分別申請,其補償數額於第
一項各款所定金額內酌定之。
申請第一項第三款、第五款補償金之遺屬如係未成年人,於其成年前、受
監護宣告或輔助宣告之人於撤銷宣告前,其補償金額得委交犯罪被害人保
護機構信託管理,分期或以其孳息按月支付之。申請第一項補償金之性侵
害犯罪行為被害人如係未成年人、受監護宣告或輔助宣告之人,而其法定
代理人或輔助人為加害人時,亦同。
注意扣除規定:犯罪被害人保護法 第 11 條: 依本法請求補償之人,已受有社會保險、損害賠償給付或因犯罪行為被害依其他法律規定得受之金錢給付,應自犯罪被害補償金中減除之。(犯罪被害補償金之申請,自知有犯罪被害時起已逾二年或自犯罪被害發生時起已逾五年者,不得為之)
犯罪被害人補償金申請方式:(以台南地方法院檢察署為例,可電 電話:06-2959971索取相關表格與須知; 亦可電財團法人犯罪被害人保護協會 請求協助)
http://www.tnc.moj.gov.tw/mp020.html
犯罪被害補償金由各地檢察署所設立之犯罪被害人補償審議委員會掌理補償之決定及其他有關事務。申請者應以書面向犯罪地之審議委員會為之。
最佳處理方式建議: 可至各檢察署服務中心領取申請表格及申請法令須知,服務中心有專人為您解說(被害人補償金[犯罪被害補償金]表格申請下載專區:http://www.cvpa.org.tw/newlaw98/form.htm )。
資料來源:
WanLi YANG
2009.9.9
2009年9月8日 星期二
英國量刑(司法改革)
作用:監獄人口與比較研究之工具
參考國家:美國、紐西蘭、澳洲、日本、愛爾蘭與韓國。
英國:刑事司法制度部分源自於 common law系統,因此量刑可能性大,例如偷超市與銀行可能的刑度在7年以下有期徒刑。搶奪則有可能獲判無期徒刑。基本上除了一些特殊狀況(例如 武器、性侵害累犯、販毒累犯、殺人等)外,英國立法機構將量刑交給法官,而未就刑度作最高限度的限制。因此在1080s(Lord Chief Justice Lane做成指導原則)前法官量刑的範圍與權限可以說是沒有限制。目前如果沒有遵守該等原則,可以上訴高等琺院(上訴法院),不過在20世紀,上訴法院針對個案仍然沒有權限"增加"被告刑度,就此後來立法機構授權"檢察總長(Attoney General)"可以就刑度顯過輕之案件提起上訴,因此上訴法院即可以就此進行審查。至今上訴法院針對刑度的看法與決定也越來越趨ㄧ致,不過缺點是針對一些實質內涵問題、與相關研究則較為缺乏。
Magistrates' Courts目前約計有3000位由律師擔任的magistrate.立法機構針對此等法院提供有下述量刑指導原則:
(1)The establishment of the Sentencing Advisory Panel (1999)起源乃由 the Professor of Criminal Law at Oxford成員進行研究後提出。
(2)The establishment of the Sentencing Guidelines Council (2004)有12個成員,主席由Chief Justice 擔任,其中並有檢察官等成員,而法務部則為定期開會之觀察員。
(3)The proposed amalgamation of the two bodies and the establishment of the Sentencing Council.僅存很短的時間。目前發展成稱之為"the Sentencing Council"的組織,由14位稱之為secertaiat者組成並進行研究、建議、提出草案(稿)後交給council,當然再經由council討論後送立法機構前,法務部部長均會派員參與,亦會有基層法官意見、各階層政策意見之提出。最後印刷出版的原則稱之為"the Definitive Guideline"。由上可知過程十分緩慢,參與層面也十分的廣,這也就是謂何後來the Sentencing Advisory Panel 與the Sentencing Guidelines Council 會合併的原因之ㄧ。目前該指導原則大致上可以分為兩大類(ㄧ為specific offences,另ㄧ為general guidelines),不過不包括販毒以及burglary in a residence.
specific offences:以ROBBERY為例,分為三級,第一級乃致被害人重傷(最輕徒刑為8年),第二級乃是使用武器(最輕4年),第三級乃是利用強暴脅迫之手段(12個月)等。此外指導原則中也提供了減輕與加重的因素在內。
general guidelines:規範有關心神喪失、少年、社區勞動與認罪協商有關之量刑方式。
目前該指導原則均有置放在法院、網站等,其中指導原則中所提供的減輕與加重等因素,最為律師所常用。致於法官如何使用該指導原則呢?基本上除了聽取檢辯雙方看法外,也會有所謂的一份"Presentence report"給法官參考,另外尚有psychiatrist出具有關mental illness有關意見。而在宣告刑度之前,法官會考量是否下"賠償命令(compenstation orders)'或其他命令,例如 deportation.法官會以口頭宣告刑度並且做出簡短解釋(近期法官會將所考量的fact做出解釋)而法務部也會出具相關意見。不過目前最困難的是 實質考量因素資料之收集取得與研究十分不容易。
PS:1080s,Lord Chief Justice Lane有針對性侵害犯者,利用一些要素,做成指導原則。
PS:Lord Justice Thomas 簡歷
1. 1971-1984 大律師
2. 1984-1996 資深大律師(QC)
3. 1996-2002 高院法官(High Court Judge)
4. 2002- 上訴法院法官(Lord Justice of Appeal)
5. 2002-2003 商事法院院長(In charge of Commercial Court)
6. 2003-2006 英格蘭、威爾斯資深主管法官(the Senior Presiding Judge for
England and Wales)
7. 2003-2006 法官會議執行主席(the Executive Chairman of Judges’ Council)
現任職務:
1. 2002- 上訴法院法官(Lord Justice of Appeal)
2. 2008- 歐洲司法會議組織會長(The President for the European Network of the Councils for the Judiciary)
3. 2008- 高院Queen’s Bench副院長(the Vice President of the Queen’s
Bench Division)
4. 2008- 刑事司法副首長(Deputy Head of Criminal Justice)
本筆記乃:司法院於98年9月10日下午,邀請英國上訴法院法官Lord Justice Thomas舉辦之演講,聽講筆記。
By Wan-Li Yang 2009.9.9